Бесплатный фрагмент - The formation and strategy in Political investments in oil and gas sector

The formation and strategy in political investments in oil and gas sector

Contents

Chapter 1. The relevance of the research topic and definition of philosophy

Chapter 2. History of foreign trade relations between Russia and China

Chapter 3. Analyze the current situation of trade relations between China and Russian

Chapter 4. Prospects and directions of China trade development

Chapter 5. China’s Investment Policy in the Context of World Development

5. 1. Milestones of the evolution of the international oil and gas structure.

5. 2. Investments in the modern oil and gas sector: the experience of China.

Chapter 6. Chinese strategy go global («go to the outside») and Russian oil and gas policy: the basis for cooperation. sphere of the country’s industry development

6.1 China’s strategy «go global» («going to the outside»): the role in the development of the oil and gas industry.

6. 2. The issues of ensuring the «oil security» of China.

6. 3. International aspects of the Russian oil and gas policy

Chapter 7. The interaction of China and Russia in the energy sector:

the problems of investment.

7. 1. Sino-Russian cooperation in the oil and gas sector: creating conditions for China to effectively invest in the oil and gas sectors of the Russian economy.

7. 2. Difficulties of China-Russia energy cooperation and ways to overcome them.

Sources and literature

Chapter 1. The relevance of the research topic and definition of philosophy

Russia and China — neighboring countries — play an important role in the world community, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. Both countries faced many similar challenges and threats in the context of globalization.The expansion of mutual understanding between Russia and China has become a distinctive feature of their interaction, which at the present stage is characterized by multilateral cooperation covering the spheres of politics, economy, and culture. Deepening good-neighborliness and friendship, our countries are confidently moving along the path of development based on an independent choice made by the Russian and Chinese peoples.

Relations between Russia and China have been developing dynamically in recent years. In early 2013, the first foreign visit President Xi Jinping to Russia marked the entry of China-Russia relations into a new stage of comprehensive cooperation. The mechanism of regular meetings of the heads of government of China and Russia, formed during intensive contacts at the highest level, has gradually become an important means of coordinating the multifaceted business cooperation between the two states.

As the Russian political scientist, TS Tarakanova writes, «The second decade of the 21st century is marked by a new stage in the development of the relationship between Russia and China, which was called» strategic partnership. "As you know, the strategy presupposes the definition of long-term development goals, therefore the partnership between Russia and China is considered by the current leadership of both countries as a fundamental element of their foreign policy. "According to TS Tarakanova, relations with Russia for China serve as one of the ways to achieve economic and political goals in the region and around the world.

Over the past 20 years, economic cooperation between the two countries has developed rapidly: the volume of bilateral trade has increased more than 11 times, and in 2012 it has become the largest in the whole previous history and reached 88.15 billion US dollars.

At the same time, in the Russian-Chinese trade in recent years, there have been noticeable ups and downs. Thus, the decline in Russian-Chinese trade turnover in 2014 was followed by its rise in 2015. In 2016, China was Russia’s largest trading partner in the country equivalent.The most important investment of China in Russia is the purchase of 10% of the petrochemical complex «Siberia».  6

In 2016, in the structure of Russian exports to China, the bulk of shipments were distributed as follows. In the first place were mineral products. The second place was occupied by the supply of wood and pulp and paper products; the third — cars, equipment, and vehicles; the fourth — food products and agricultural raw materials; the fifth — was chemical goods; the sixth — metals and products from them. The greatest increase was observed in the field of export of wood, wood products, charcoal, electric machines, equipment, television equipment, ground transportation, sound and photo, and medical equipment.True, it should be noted that the reduction in Russia’s exports to China occurred in the field of mineral fuels, oil and products of its distillation, copper, nuclear reactors and other equipment, and products of organic and inorganic chemistry.

Nevertheless, in 2017, China remained the main export partner of Russia ($ 23,952.2 million, 10.8%).Chinese expert Dan Haiqing explains positive changes in trade with Russia by «streamlining China’s monetary policy and optimizing control and regulatory mechanisms».As Russia is one of the leading suppliers of energy to China, in the structure of Russian exports, China is attracted by oil, oil products, and coal, although there is a demand for other products. 50% of Russia’s exports to China are energy.

Chinese researcher Zhou Jun argues: «The increasing role of the» resource factor «in world politics is a new determining trend and motive for activities for states and companies working in this direction, as the prospects for the socioeconomic development of states directly depend on the necessary natural resources».

Given that oil imports depend on the international oil market, China is forced to look for stable sources of supply. In this context, Russia is of significant interest to China, since it is a rich and energetic country. Investments in China’s oil and gas cooperation in Russia are one of the components of the China-Russia strategic partnership. Therefore, the study of the political aspects of China’s investment in the oil and gas sector of Russia is important and relevant. Using the term «oil and gas» policy, we emphasize that it is virtually impossible to divide the oil and gas resource cooperation of these or those countries because of the primary importance of oil and gas for the development of the modern economy.

In the framework of our work, the object of research is the resource, first of all, the oil and gas policy of China and Russia.

The subject of the study is the political aspects of China’s investment in the oil and gas industry of the Russian economy.

The purpose of the research is to reveal the peculiarities of the interconnection between the political and economic components of China’s investment in the oil and gas industry of Russia in light of the prospects for China-Russia cooperation and the dynamics of changes in contemporary global and regional development.

Western philosophy has had a significant impact on Chinese philosophy, including the Marxist philosophy introduced by the CPC as an official ideology. New Confucian scholars tried to make Chinese traditional philosophy a philosophy of innovation and development. But in China’s world outlook, Confucianism, Taoism, orthodoxy, Mohism and Zen are still dominant. Philosophy believes that science is a social phenomenon, and its particularity is related to the production and growth of knowledge in the objective world. Therefore, at this stage, Chinese philosophy is also combined with western philosophy to form a new philosophy.

In the international personnel management scientific community, economic sanctions have been studied in academic works. Among the large amount of literature on these issues, A.I.’s works should be highlighted. Romanova, Lujinski. B. Number E. R. Budrina. B.， Lujinski S，Putikhin Y.E.， Shash N.N.， Borodin A.I.， Putikin Y.E, Borodin A.I.， Hofstede G. Kovalenko A.Y.， V.M. Maslov. Etc.

This paper not only studies the main characteristics of personnel management of international companies under economic sanctions, but also provides materials and theoretical basis for the definition of personnel management of international companies under economic sanctions. Reference must be made to the work on the theoretical strategy of international terrorism. These studies provide a new theoretical perspective for understanding the phenomenon of international terrorism and the significance of anti-terrorism discourse. This is the work of Borodin A.I, Eliseyeva I.I.， Yuzbashev M.M.， Gerasimova V.D, Grigan A.M.， Popov A.I, Malashenko V.M, Weisning V.R, Los Angeles Nikon Jin Liqun, Lin Yifu, Zhang Wenmu, Zhao Lei, Han Lihua. Gorfinkel V.Y.， Schwandara V.A。 Nikiforov A. A. Etc.

It is particularly noteworthy that the research of Y.E. Putishin, Trofimetz E.N, Trofimets V.Y.， Mayorova Y.Y.， wait, It emphasizes the practical significance of studying the human resource management strategy of international companies under the conditions of economic phenomena.

Scholars working in the field of international relations also studied the impact of personnel management on strategy. The work of deaf people. Lujinski. s

The results of the study are published in the materials of the All-Russian Conference, included in the RINC: Chen Jinling. Perspectives of the Sino-Russian Oil and Gas Cooperation // All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference «National Security of Russia: Actual Aspects: Proceedings of the National Research Institute» NATIONALISM «conferences: Legal and Political Aspects of National Security.- St. Petersburg, 2017. — P.143—145.

The author of the thesis delivered a report at the international forum: «International Political Marketing Forum 2016-PMF 2016» Political Marketing in a Changing World: Global, Regional and National Dimensions»(July 20—23, 2016. St. Petersburg).The theme of the report Chen Jinling: Political marketing and image of the country (China’s oil sector).

The methodological basis of the study was the structural and functional method, in which the subject of research was studied as an important element of the socio-political system of a single country and the system of international relations. The author proceeded from the assumption that the provisions on the dependence of the social organism on the environment, on the coordination of the elements of the social system, and on the role of values in preserving the stability of the system, are relevant for the examination of the problems of the dissertation.

The great importance of this dissertation is the principle of historicism, the application of which consists in examining the subject of research, taking into account the set of conditions that influenced its formation and the current state in their mutual conditioning. Of fundamental importance is the comparative approach, the necessity of using it logically follows from the purpose and tasks of the work, the author of which turned to the analysis of the oil and gas policy of Russia and China, which has both common features and deep differences.

In the work on the thesis, a geopolitical and geo-economic approach to China’s resource policy was used. Given the changes in modern geopolitics and reflecting changes in the understanding of the spatial characteristics of today’s world, these approaches provide an opportunity to better understand the specifics of the implementation of the oil and gas policy facing the problems of construction of gas and oil pipelines, transportation of energy carriers, environmental protection, etc.

In the thesis, case studies are used, in particular, when it comes to the largest joint oil and gas projects in Russia and China.

The author relied on theoretical works devoted to the concept of «go global» and the policy of «strategic partnership and interaction», as well as the work of Chinese authors devoted to the problems of investment.

The theoretical significance lies in the fact that the thesis demonstrated the feasibility of studying investment cooperation between China and Russia from the perspective of national, regional, and global factors in their unity and contradictions.

The practical significance lies in the fact that research materials can be used to prepare special courses and teaching aids on the theory of international relations both in the universities of the Russian Federation and in the educational institutions of China and other countries.

— The basis for the development of relations with oil and gas suppliers is the Chinese strategy of «go global».

— China’s investment policy in the Russian oil and gas industry is mutually beneficial and serves as the basis for the development of stable political relations between the two countries.

— China’s investment policy ensures the energy security of both countries, both nationally and internationally.

Russian and foreign scientists, there is a large amount of literature devoted to the problem of Russian-Chinese relations in the oil and gas industry. These studies examine the problem from different perspectives and represent numerous areas of humanitarian knowledge to enable scientists and politicians to look at the problem from different perspectives. So, in the framework of this paper, used research Lopatin D.V.13, Margelov M.V., Pakholyuk D.I., Hrisanfova D.V., Tsvetkov A.Y., Svetlana Mihailovna Vinogradova.and others. Also, publications of Russian scientific journals, in particular, such as «World Economy and International Relations» and «Social Sciences and Modernity» were used.

We paid special attention to dissertational research. Here it is worth mentioning IS Gumarova’s dissertation «Priorities of Russia’s Energy Diplomacy»,where questions about the main directions of oil and gas diplomacy of the Russian Federation are revealed.

We cannot fail to mention Yana Valeryevna Leksyutina ’s dissertation «America-Chinese relations in the context of transforming the international system in the early 21st century». It discusses issues related to the general patterns and development of US-China relations. After the collapse of the USSR, China, by its extraordinary economic recovery, became a «sworn friend» of the US, acting simultaneously as a technology workshop and competitor in the oil and gas markets.

In the areas of prospects for China’s oil and gas investment in Russia, researcher T.S TarakanovaIn his dissertation «Russia and China in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Problems of Political and Economic Cooperation» revealed that «the expansion of the SCO from 2015 will mean the transformation of this regional Eurasian organization into an important geopolitical player uniting in its ranks four nuclear countries (RF, PRC, India, Pakistan)».

In China, the problems of international oil and gas cooperation are dealt with by researchers from the Beijing Institute of International Relations of the PRC, the institutes of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Chinese University of Oil and Gas, and the Sichuan Institute of International Studies. An important aspect of the interests of the People’s Republic of China in the field of investment in the oil and gas industry is the project «go global».Chinese authors write a lot about this. Particular attention should be paid to the work of the Chinese professor LuNa, dedicated to motivating Chinese investment abroad, as well as encouraging Chinese enterprises that are actively expanding their direct investments abroad.

A number of dissertations on various aspects of China’s resource policy and its cooperation with the Russian Federation have been protected in Russian universities. Among them are works by Fan Tingting «China’s energy policy at the present stage"26, Wang Guanjun «The main problems of China’s environmental policy in the context of global environmental problems"27, And Zhou Jun «Political dimension of the interaction of China and the countries of Central Asia in the Eurasian integration structures”28, You Han «Development of foreign policy relations of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China in the global world». 29

The source database of the study includes official documents of state authorities, primarily those that touch on key issues of China’s foreign policy and security (the PRC Concept on Foreign Policy and National Security,30 China’s National Security Concept, 31White Paper: China’s Peaceful Development 32, as well as relations between China and Russia, including in the field of economic cooperation (Law of the People’s Republic of China «On joint venture enterprises of Chinese and foreign capital» (2001),«Rules for the regulation of investment activities abroad,»«Russian legal non-natural laws»," policy of foreign investment of enterprises»,Handbook of the leadership of foreign investment enterprises / / Foreign investment and development., 2006. №1312,etc.); party documents of China, as well as treaties, statements, and agreements relating to oil and gas cooperation between the two countries.

The material necessary for the thesis is contained in speeches, reports, and interviews of heads of state (Opening speech of Deng Xiaoping at the XII All- China Congress of the CPC,Report of Jiang Zemin at the 16th All-China Congress of the CPC,Hu Jintao Report: The 16th All-China Congress of the CPC was crowned with a full success

(2002/11/15),Xi Jinping’s speech at the closing session of the 12th National People’s Congress,Speech of President Xi Jinping at the 4th summit of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA) in Shanghai in 2014,Putin V.V. President’s message of 2015,etc.), the state Twain, political and public figures, heads of industrial enterprises.

Particular attention is paid to the documents regulating the investment policy of China (Approach to the management of China’s investments abroad in 2014 No. 3),Catalog of China’s foreign investment directions by countries 2004,China’s foreign investment directories catalog by countries 2005,China’s foreign investment directing directory by countries 2007,Opinion on the encouragement and management of private companies in the active development of foreign investment // Foreign investment and development [2012] No. 1905,National Plan for Economic and Social Development and the 12th Five-Year Plan»(2011), Materials of the National People’s Congress),Plan for the Use of Foreign Capital and Foreign Investments for the 12th Five-Year Plan“ (dated 17.07.2012),„Management of External Investment for Enterprises by Country ".

The author is widely involved in statistical data obtained from national and international statistical agencies.

Four articles are published in other Russian journals: Chen Jinling. Perspectives of the Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation // successes of modern science and education. -2016 — No. 9 (3). — P.197—199; Chen Jinling. Perspectives of the Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation // Advances in modern science. — 2016. — No. 9 (3). — P. 163—165; Chen Jinling. Perspectives of the Sino-Russian oil cooperation // Advances in modern science and education. — 2016. — No. 7 (5). — P.136—138; Chen Jinling. Perspectives of Chinese-Russian cooperation in the oil industry // successes of modern science. — 2016. — №8 (2) — P.157—159.

The author’s article is published in the Web of science: Chen Jinling. Chinese strategy has gone global and its role in the investment sphere of the country’s oil and gas industry development. // Science and Technology. No. 2, 2017. — C. 59—64.

Six articles are published in Chinese political journals: Chen Jinling. Questions and solutions of investments in the oil and gas industry of Russia // Law, and Society. — 2016. — №5. — P. 85—87. 2016. №5; Chen Jinling. The importance of deepening cooperation between Russia and China in the oil and gas industry // Studying and solving. — 2015. — №24. — P. 81—82. 2015. No. 24; Chen Jinling. The history of the Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation // the report and the epoch. — 2016.- №16. P.138. 2016. No. 16; Chen Jinling. Perspectives of the Sino-Russian oil and gas cooperation // Management and managers. — 2016. — №6. — With. 94. 2016. №6; Chen Jinling. The development of the Russian language in China // Studying and solving. — 2016. — №7. — P. 76. 2016. №7; Chen Jinling. Perspectives of Chinese-Russian oil and gas cooperation // The Chinese market. — 2016. — №37. — P. 222—239.

A monograph on the oil and gas cooperation between Russia and China is published in Chinese: Chen Jinling, Ren Siyan. Electrochemical behavior of organic sulfur compounds and studies of the Chinese-Russian oil cooperation

(Chen Jinling, Ren Siyang., Oil Cooperation between China and Russia- Electrochemical Behavior of organic sulfur compounds). 2016. 100s.

The results of the research were reflected in the materials of three international scientific conferences, included in the RISC, in which the candidate was participating: Chen Jinling. Political aspects of China’s investment in the oil and gas sectors of the Russian economy // Experimental and theoretical studies in modern science: Sat. articles on the mother. III Intern. scientific-practical. Conf. No. 3 (3). — 2017. — P. 47—49; Chen Jinling, «Prospects for China’s Investments in the Russian Industry,» in Scientific Society of Students: Interdisciplinary Studies: Collected Articles on the Matrix of the XXXI International Scientific and Practical Conference No. 20 (31)., P.60—62, Chen Jinling. Perspectives of China’s investment in the Russian oil and gas industry // History, Political Science, Sociology, Philosophy: Theoretical and Practical Aspects: Collected Articles on the III—IV International Scientific-Practical Conference No. 3—4 (2). — Novosibirsk: SibAK, 2017. — P. 74—78.

The relevance of research topics depends on the growing importance of the world economy and companies.

In the 1970s and 1980s, IBM was the first company in the world dedicated to formulating employee behavior management strategies. They supplement the previously proposed ideas, assume new ideas, strengthen the understanding of some ideas, or on the contrary, belittle other previously proposed ideas. However, the author did not avoid some ambiguities when explaining some soft power events. This seems to be because he did not pay enough attention to V.S.’s works. Polovinco，R.A. Kuzmenkov Panova，T. D. Cyan violet

Of course, in Russian and foreign science, there are enough documents devoted to personnel management of international companies under economic sanctions. These studies are conducted not only from different angles but also in different fields. From the perspective of personnel economic sanctions, Balikin’s research has made significant contributions to science. E.， Lujinski Balikin E，Alferov V.N.， Petizhev A.D.， Heinsworth River Kravchenko L Shamina L.K, Ziyadullayev N.S.， Etc.

The analysis of the professional and academic literature on the strategic management of large transnational corporations shows that there is a lack of understanding on how to convey the human resource management strategy to the subsidiaries of the company in different countries.

In the case of uncertainty in the prediction of the scope and duration of sanctions, the Russian government and the Central Bank have reason to seek to take a series of anti-sanctions measures, ranging from strict anti-sanctions measures to creating more comfortable conditions for the allies of the Eurasian Economic Union, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the BRICS countries to do business in Russia.

The traditional methods of risk minimization strategy — risk transfer, diversification, hedging — need to be cautious and limited in use in the case of sectoral sanctions and the high volatility of financial markets.

Learning the course «International Company Management» means that students are familiar with the basic forms of international business and explain the theory, typology, and structure of the existence of international companies. Taking into account the basis for the management of the activities of transnational corporations, the particularity of the analysis of the external environment of corporate activities, and the strategic choice of the company to participate in international business, including the particularity of the formulation and implementation of the company’s strategy to enter foreign markets, Participate in international strategic alliances and cross-border mergers and acquisitions.

In the process of life, everyone will have a certain understanding of the world around him, of human society, of himself, and his attitude toward the world. A theoretically reasonable world outlook is called philosophy.

Since the 7th century BC, human thought has created a large number of philosophical theories, and each theory has provided its own value orientation system for individuals and the whole society. Therefore, a smart person must be able to position himself in the world outlook structure and choose a value orientation system that suits him.

For this purpose, the following methods or rules can be provided:

1. Objective consideration (not examples, not derogations, but things themselves), that is We must analyze the whole, not the parts. Every philosophy has an internal structure that must be revealed. The basic problems are realized in a specific form in each philosophy. The answer is not a single phrase, but the whole content of this philosophy.

2. Confirm the source of epistemology, that is, determine the source of epistemology. The right of philosophy to exist. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to determine which problems and which sciences are solved in a given philosophical school.

3. Overcome the practical theory of a given philosophy. A philosophical theory cannot be criticized as the opposite. Meaningful criticism (that is, determining the scope of application of the theory) can be carried out in two main aspects: 1. overthrowing the hypothesis; 2. Prove that the conclusion drawn from the accepted hypothesis (hypothesis) is absurd.

4. The analysis of the social role of philosophy, that is, the analysis of the social role of philosophy. Social strata and political parties adopt these ideas.

5. Establish or choose a different theory if the existing theory is rejected.

Confucianism is an ethical philosophy, developed by Confucius (551—479 BC) and his followers, and incorporated into the religious systems of China, South Korea, Japan and other countries. Confucianism is a world outlook, a social ethics, a political ideology, a scientific tradition, a way of life, sometimes regarded as philosophy, sometimes as religion. [2]

During the period of the Chinese Empire, Confucianism has always played the role of the main religion, and has been the organizational principle of the state and society for more than 2000 years. Until the beginning of the 20th century, Confucianism was replaced by the «Three People’s Principles» of the Republic of China.

Confucius (551—479 BC) believed that «benevolence» was the most important. He said, «If you ask more of yourself than others, you can avoid offending.» «If you make a mistake, you can’t correct it. This is called a mistake.»

Mencius (372—289 BC) inherited the theory of Confucius. He linked moral rules with policies and believed that moral quality was the root of governance. He said: «The essence of heaven is in the country, the essence of the country is in the family, and the essence of the family is in ourselves. Mencius summarized the four Confucian principles: «life» (human nature), «righteousness» (righteousness), «etiquette» (courtesy), and «wisdom» (wisdom). Mencius believed that «life» (human nature) and «justice» (justice) were the most important of the four standards. If every member of society establishes the relationship between people in accordance with the principles of «life» (humanity) and «harmony» (justice), then political stability and the unity of the Kingdom of Heaven will have a reliable guarantee.

In the overall morality of Chinese culture, values and priority values have a great impact on Chinese people. Confucianism has become a national collective unconsciousness. Confucianism in ancient China was the standard of society. Therefore, Confucian values can be said to be the core values of traditional Chinese culture [3].

The Confucian values are self-improvement and ethics, which is the central idea of «human nature and justice» and must be guided by harmonious interpersonal relations.

Certain rules must be observed: 1. Respect elders. 2. Be honest with friends and responsible for dialogue. 3. Officials must be honest and care about the people. 4. People must abide by the law, complete their work and achieve self-development.

The government must abide by the following rules: 1. Solidarity. 2. Respect leaders. 3. Respect your parents. 4. Ambition and perseverance. 5. Pursue knowledge. 6. Self-awareness. 7. Take care of others. 8. Labor discipline. Just as children must love their parents, when they grow up to love their husbands, wives, and children, civil servants must also love their people.

The Confucian political thought of a «benevolent government», «tsar» and «ritual» system, and its vision of «public» and «unified» political science, are the official relations of China.

The main work of Confucianism is Lunyu (a dialogue and statement recorded by the philosopher himself and his students). This book was recited by a well-educated Chinese in his childhood and was guided by it.

3 Taoism

Taoism originates from «Tao», which means «Tao» in Chinese. Therefore, Taoism is a specific style of philosophical criticism, that is, spiritual practice.

In Chinese traditional culture, Taoism plays a leading role in the theory and practice of seeking methods and achieving immortality.

Religion Taoism originated in the late Han Dynasty: Zhang Daolin (34—56 years) [10] Taoism is hardly an official religion because it is a lonely practitioner and hermit. But new ideas often emerge within Taoism, inspiring scientists, politicians, and writers. [11] However, during the reign of Emperor Kangxi (1654—1722), Taoism was skeptical of superstitious and mysterious practices. This is not surprising, because Emperor Kangxi was a Manchurian and indifferent to Chinese philosophy. For example, on a trip to southern China, a local man presented Emperor Kangxi with a paper on the immortality of alchemy. Kangxi ordered him to throw the book back. Even the highest level Taoist is not the emperor’s favorite.

Taoism is regarded as «inaction» in politics, which is consistent with the western philosophy of the «invisible hand» (economic market). Managers let the market develop on its own. At that time, there will be a «rule-based world», production will be restored and developed, and the economy will flourish. [13] The feudal rulers often used Taoism to strengthen their rule. For example, Tao Tetsu is often considered a manual on the art of war. Other ideas have been used for military purposes. [14]

Taoism has played a great role in the personality, psychology, morality, and national unity of the Chinese people.

It is speculated that this paper is divided into three parts, reflecting three trends of the division of Mozi School after the death of its founder. His main themes are universal love for each other, rejection of the need to conquer war, praise of virtue, saving money, restraint at funerals, respect for the will of heaven, meaningless learning music, and criticism of fatalism.

In his time, Mozi believed that people’s selfishness and partiality were the cause of all troubles and chaos. The cure is to care about everyone instead of yourself. In the centuries before Christianity, he formulated a golden rule: «If everyone treats foreign countries and foreign cities in his way, he will not attack foreign countries or foreign cities. He applied the same principle to private and family life: «What is the divine will that must be obeyed? «Love everyone in the world».

He believes that before anything is accepted, it must be determined what benefits it will bring to the people. He believed that population growth, welfare increase, elimination of internal and external threats, and disorder are the absolute interests of the country.

In ancient Chinese philosophy, the world outlook of religious mythology was dominant. The ancient Chinese believed that everything in the world depended on the destiny of heaven, and their main ruler was regarded as the Shang Emperor. Many gods and spirits obey him. Many of them have obvious similarities with animals, birds, or fish. They are half animals and half humans. «Heavenly will» can be known through omens and divination. The most important element of ancient Chinese religion is the worship of ancient ancestors and mythical heroes.

It is characterized by dogmatic Confucianism, which, together with its founder, was promoted to religious worship (in 1055 — Confucius was awarded a higher noble title, and in 1503 — Confucius was classified as a saint, and temples were built for Confucius, but there was no image of a saint). On the other hand, Taoism was persecuted (officially banned Daoism — 1183). After Christianity was introduced into China, it had an impact on Chinese philosophy. The famous thinker in the 11th century was Zhang Ze, who was one of the founders of Li Xue («Principle Theory») of the New Confucian School, also known as Zhang Zihou, Zhang Heng and Zhang Zi (1020—1078). His main works are Ximing, Dongming, Zheng Meng, Confucian Classics Diku, Confucian Classics Diku and Shuo. In his theory of man, Zhang Ze recognized that man has two kinds of «nature» and «etheric nature». According to Zhang Zai, Qi (ether) is the original foundation of all things and the whole universe. Qi filled a huge void. Ye Shi (1150—1223), the founder of Yongjia School, believed that the universe was composed of five elements and eight substances, symbolically represented by eight triangles. Among the later important thinkers, it is worth mentioning Wang Yangming (1472—1529), who was the intermediary between Taoism and Confucianism. He was an educator in the 18th century. The main thinker in the 17th century was the Confucian philosopher Wang Chuanshan (1619—1692). His natural philosophy was based on the theory of «great emptiness» of the new Confucian school Zhang Ze (1020—1078). In the 17th century, Gu Yanwu (1613—1682), an encyclopedia scholar (linguist, historian, geographer, economist, astronomer), was also engaged in activities. He was the founder of the theory of nature (Pu Xue), which is the specific direction of a special empiricism. Dai Zhen (1723—1777), a philosopher and scholar in the 18th century, was also the greatest representative of this movement.

An original and profound thinker in China in the 19th century, Tan Sitong (1865—1898), a philosopher and poet who was one of the organizers and thinkers of the reform movement, was executed together with five other active reformers. Among the representatives of the 20th century, Gu Hongming, who fought for the purity of Chinese philosophy, as well as Sun Yat sen, Feng Yulan and Liang Shumin (1893—1988), should be mentioned first. The famous Marxist thought in China was popularized by the philosopher Ai Sizhe (1910—1966). Hou Huailu (1903—1987) and Du Guoxiang (1889—1961), philosophers and historians of Chinese philosophy and social thought, also set out from the Marxist world outlook. In the past decade, he has been famous for his works on the most pressing issues of globalization and geo strategy by Zhang Wenmu, a philosopher and geopolitical scientiThe new political situation brought about by China’s economic reform since the 1980s has once again proved the trend of cultural integration. This is a «synthetic creation» theory, proposed by Zan Danan. He called for the abandonment of «rigid axial thinking». The confrontation between China and the West. He said that we should follow the path of cultural integration between China and the West.

Although some people call for synthesis, so far, the efforts to achieve synthesis are actually limited to translating their traditional philosophy into the language of western philosophy.

The modern Chinese thought operating in the Confucian paradigm is called the «New Confucianism». It has developed in the context of discourse in China since 1978. With the arrival of the «reform and opening up era», that is, the arrival of the «reform and opening up era». The core of China’s modernization process is two core issues: individual autonomy and national consciousness.

Different from Li Zuolin’s aesthetic attitude towards Confucianism (his main work is called «Chinese Aesthetics»), New Confucianism emphasizes the ethical and religious aspects of Confucianism. Substantially

Different from Li Zuolin’s aesthetic attitude towards Confucianism (his main work is called «Chinese Aesthetics»), New Confucianism emphasizes the ethical and religious aspects of Confucianism. In fact, the originators of «Neo Confucianism» are a group of Chinese philosophers who live outside China, mainly in the United States. They mainly include Du Weiming, Yu Yingshi and Chen Zhongying. Their ideas were recognized and supported by the famous Chinese philosophers Zan Dainan, Gan Yuzhi and Pan Biao.

«New Confucianism» tried to restore its interest in traditional Chinese metaphysics, believing that it was completely different from western metaphysics because it did not recognize ontology dualism. They also pay special attention to the relationship between tradition and modernism; Confirm the possibility of non western modernization model; Give up the non critical view of western thoughts, values and systems; Recognize the irreconcilable contradiction between personal freedom and public interest; It is necessary to insist on «transcendence (i.e. religion) as the ultimate source of values».

«New Confucianism» is not the mainstream of modern Chinese philosophy. This aroused opposition from official thinkers. However, its influence was so great that even the latter had to admit that «New Confucianism», together with Marxism and Western liberalism, was one of the three pillars of Chinese thought since the May 4th Movement.

Therefore, Chinese philosophy is a combination of Confucianism, Taoism, orthodoxy, Mozi, and Zen. At this stage, Western philosophy has been added.

Since the early 1980s, with the deepening of the reform and opening up policy and the construction of China’s social market economy, Chinese women are no longer the general lower class. They are now a separate social group, opposite to men, but women are the vulnerable group in society, namely women. Gender issues have emerged in Chinese society. On the other hand, women’s social groups are different due to their different education levels, forming strong and weak women groups, which makes China’s gender issues more complex. The emergence of women’s problems has exposed the incompleteness of women’s liberation, that is, the liberation of Chinese women only stays at the legal level, and has not reached the level of social liberation. From the perspective of China’s social transformation, the incompleteness of women’s liberation is related to the fact that China’s social revolution is determined at the macro level. The construction of China’s social market economy has promoted the development of micro social revolution. On the one hand, the emergence of gender issues reflects all these changes in Chinese society. Therefore, the study of gender issues in China is of great theoretical and practical significance to reflect on China’s social structure and changes.

These women have received higher education and have achieved some success in their work. These women participate in political, scientific, artistic and social management and have access to social resources. In these and other aspects, they continue to enjoy equal rights with men in society. But there are not many such women. They represent a strong group of women and advocate gender equality in the country. Chinese society recognizes these women’s abilities and achievements. On the other hand, these women are also required to assume the role of housewives. Therefore, they face many problems because of their unstable economic and social conditions. There is no time to perform all duties. It is precisely because women are aware of this gender problem that it has led to China’s research on gender issues from the 1980s to the present.

The development of these women was taken into account in the formulation of the national plan and they enjoyed many national privileges. For example, in the field of employment, the state arranges jobs for them; In the field of social security, the State supports medical care and guarantees their equal right to vote with men, etc. However, after the 1980s, these women became victims of market economy development and enterprise restructuring. Of course, because of their different ages and education levels, their status is also different: women over 40 years old, women working in the country’s enterprises and commercial sectors, for various reasons, were dismissed in the 1990s, becoming the first victims of corporate restructuring. According to statistics, in 1997, there were only 56 million female workers in China, accounting for 38.8% of the total number of workers, and 2.48 million laid-off women, accounting for 45% of the total number of unemployed. If these women can no longer find jobs, they can only live on the state’s cash subsidies. However, a 20—30 year old woman with secondary or even higher education may not find a job she likes.

In 1949, the People’s Republic of China was established as a socialist country with equality between men and women. In this society, women enjoy equal rights with men not only in law but also in political and social life, such as employment, education, politics, etc. However, since the early 1980s, with the deepening of the reform and opening up policy and the construction of China’s social market economy, the equality of women’s status in China has faced a severe test: theoretically, some Chinese economists and sociologists called for «women, stay at home!» This legitimizes gender inequality. Some artists and businessmen created the image of the weak traditional female housewife in their products and advertisements, redefining the role of women in society. In practice, problems such as Chinese women’s political participation, laid-off women, Chinese young women’s employment difficulties, domestic violence, and abandonment of children often arise. Although the Chinese government has always emphasized equality between men and women, in fact, gender inequality is becoming more and more serious. Faced with these problems, China began to study gender issues. Gender studies in China are conducted on the basis of legal equality between men and women. But why is there prejudice in Chinese society? In this article, we have carried on the practice and the theory analysis.

After the 1980s, Chinese women’s status as a gender group, on the one hand, was as a whole, on the other hand, as a separate social group, rather than as a male group. On the other hand, there are differences in women’s social groups, because their education levels are different, forming strong and weak female groups, which makes China’s gender issues more complex.

In the first case, it can be seen that Chinese women as a whole have lost their equal status with men and have gradually become a vulnerable group. In the second case, the particularity of gender issues in China was specifically and clearly demonstrated. Because of the long war in China’s territory, many women have no chance to receive education. T.O. There are generally four categories of women:

Women born and raised in rural areas. This is the basic organizational form of the village. The rural community system is of great significance in rural areas of China. This form of organization is based on kinship. There are mainly two views: 1) Chinese traditional family concept. According to this concept, every member of the community is a member of the family. They share the right to work, distribution and advantages in rural communities. (2) Distant kinship. According to this concept, although the social status of a woman is lower than that of a man, if she is the mother of a son, then her status is quite high, even higher than that of a younger man. This gives women a certain space for development. These two concepts are dominant in rural communities. Although women cannot enjoy all the privileges like men, they can get protection and development opportunities. This was most evident in the period 1980—1990.

At that time, many women got jobs not because of their talents and abilities, but because of their high status in the clan. However, after the mid-1990s, the urbanization movement destroyed this relationship based on kinship. Once women were deprived of the protection of kinship families, they soon lost their jobs and social security. Here, we would like to compare the second and third categories of women: their common point is that they are too dependent on social security, lost their jobs and could not find new jobs. Because of their different social security systems, their lives are also different: in the 1980s and 1990s, when the second type of women lost the protection of the state and fell into political, employment, dismissal and other crises, the third type of women got jobs due to the acceleration of urbanization. This reflects the imbalance in the development of urban and rural women. In terms of income, women in the second category can receive state subsidies after unemployment, while those in the third category cannot. In other words, the social security system in rural areas is obviously worse than that in urban areas.

The fourth category is women without social security. They only finished primary school, or they were just unmarried young girls. These women left their hometown for various reasons and went to the coastal metropolis to find work. They have formed a new group of women in China — «women workers».

Compared with the second and third categories, these women have more development opportunities, but their lives are the most difficult. Because they mainly work in foreign companies, their wages depend on the company’s situation. In order to obtain higher wages, they worked in one enterprise for a period of time and then transferred to another enterprise. This provides them with many opportunities, but also risks unemployment, so they do not receive certain medical and educational benefits. This is the most vulnerable group of women.

Among the four groups, the first group has the least number. Because they occupy a high position in society, they represent Chinese women in the world, express their opinions and defend the rights of Chinese women. Since the 1980s, these women began to develop and study these gender issues. At that time, China promulgated a series of laws to protect women’s rights, which is also inseparable from their hard work. The remaining three categories of women constitute the majority. Although they have had a significant impact on their lives for many economic, political and other reasons, they are actively working to eliminate social inequality between men and women. Therefore, from a positive and negative perspective, the characteristics, complexity and some stereotypes of China’s gender situation have been reflected.

The existing categories of Chinese women indicate that the life and development of Chinese women are carried out in two systems: 1) cities, mainly expanding in the national system; (2) In rural areas, it is heavily dependent on the rural community system. They are not antagonistic, but complementary, thus making great contributions to the development of national consciousness.

China’s modernization drive has developed on the basis of traditional agricultural civilization. The core of Chinese traditional agricultural civilization is the family. The main feature of this system is that the family is the foundation. In China, it is said that «the foundation of the country is the family». The family has a basic position in society. Not only must individuals abide by family norms, but the state must exclude all forms of discrimination from the family.

1. The transformation of the economic system has triggered a crisis of women’s employment. The main content of China’s economic system transformation is the transition from a planned economy to a market economy. On gender issues, men took advantage of the planned economy, resulting in a large number of female unemployment. This process began in cities. With the development of the market economy, the third type of rural women were also dismissed. This can also be seen as a gender issue.

2. Restructuring social and political structures. Social order and traditional concepts emerged at the historic moment. The reorganization of the economic system inevitably leads to changes in the social and political structure and social order. In this process, men have gained some advantages and hope to consolidate their achievements. Therefore, Chinese men promote the image of women as weak and dependent in various fields such as economy, sociology and literature. Spread traditional ideas.

The above two points reveal the reality and concept of contemporary Chinese women. We must rethink the theory and practice of gender issues in China.

Therefore, there are many gender prejudices in China’s traditional patriarchal society at this stage. The society endows women with a kind, tender and dependent role in the family. This role is obviously not suitable for participation in social and economic activities.

Most men have more successful careers than women. At this stage, this seems to be China’s social norm. Therefore, women face a «glass ceiling» on their career path in many industries, including politics, social life and other industries.

Marxism believes that women’s liberation is a measure of the degree of universal liberation of human beings in the natural range. Women’s participation in politics is the main symbol of achieving equal status between men and women. This is an important indicator of China’s political and social civilization. Therefore, it is very important to oppose the study of women’s career opportunities.

One of the weakest areas of women’s career in the world is participation in high-level politics. The 17th Central Committee of the CPC has a total of 204 people, of whom 13 are women, accounting for 5%.

We can involve women and help formulate policies in many ways, not only for China, but also for international relations:

Chinese women rarely participate in political affairs, rarely have the opportunity to exercise their right to vote, and rarely participate in political debate. [2] In addition, women benefit from relatively less political and social capital than men. This state of political participation leads to distrust among citizens, who refuse to support and follow them. Therefore, the proportion of women in future politics must be increased so that they can express their demands.

1. Increase women’s indirect participation in politics. National People’s Congress, Chinese People’s Political Consultative Committee

2. Increase their political participation as listeners and publish decisions on public service information websites. Direct participation in national political life through the audience system, political announcements and official web pages of public services is a feature of the development of democratic politics.

Russia and China, two neighboring countries, play an important role in the international community, especially in the Asia Pacific region. The bilateral relations between them occupy an important position in each country. Countries are closely linked not only geographically, but also in geopolitical, economic, historical and cultural exchanges.

In the 21st century, China and Russia are two big countries — strategic partners. Under the background of globalization, they are facing similar challenges and threats to a large extent. Only by developing and deepening good neighborly friendship, strategic coordination and cooperation can our two countries confidently embark on the path of development, taking into account the independent choice of the Chinese and Russian people.

China is Russia’s neighbor, and the border between the two countries is the longest in the world. Our two countries have a long history of good neighbourly relations.

The regular meeting mechanism between the heads of government of China and Russia is gradually becoming an important platform for managing and coordinating the practical cooperation between the two countries in various aspects, and has achieved fruitful results. This has played an important role in promoting the comprehensive and sustainable development of China Russia strategic partnership and collaboration.

As we all know, China and Russia have established a comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination. To be sure, China Russia relations have entered a new stage conducive to comprehensive cooperation.

Chapter 2. History of foreign trade relations between Russia and China

The diplomatic relations between China and Russia began about 400 years ago, and the economic relations between the two countries began to develop from the private trade in the border areas.

In 1689, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nerchin (1689—1706), establishing a formal treaty relationship.

With the signing of the Treaty of Nerchin between Russia and the Manchu Empire, Sino Russian trade relations became more tense. However, the Qing government categorically prohibited businessmen from going abroad, so Russian businessmen were active participants in trade. The trade relationship between China and Russia is mainly established by sending a batch of buses mainly loaded with furs to Beijing every three years.

The first caravans set out in 1698. This system lasted until 1762. In the first four caravans, each had up to 400 people of different categories (traders, escorts and workers).

Since 1706, only those who entered the caravan state can have their goods in the caravan — agents, kisses, etc. D. Other matters The caravan was led by a trusted businessman, who was led by a government commissioner, four kissers and a guard officer composed of 100 Cossacks. The total number of government motorcade management and protection personnel reached 200. The caravan is organized every three years, and it only takes one year. The caravan marched along a route called «tea ceremony».

In the middle of the 19th century, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Aigong (1858) and the Treaty of Beijing (1860), defining a new border. The Amur River (Heilongjiang River) became the border river between the two countries. Since then, Heilongjiang has become the main link of Sino Russian border trade.

The Soviet Union was the first country to establish diplomatic relations with New China. On October 2, 1949, The Soviet Union officially announced diplomatic recognition and exchanged ambassadors with China.

From October 1949 to the end of 1950, at the peak of Sino Soviet economic relations, the trade between the Soviet Union and China accounted for more than half of China’s trade, and the Soviet Union was the main trading partner. China and the Soviet Union rapidly expanded bilateral economic and trade cooperation, bringing considerable income to both sides and promoting economic development.

In 1957, during Mao Zedong’s period, a new trade began. During Mao Zedong’s period, new trade began, which lasted for a short time until 1964. After a series of political and military conflicts, trade and economic relations stopped completely, and the previously signed trade contracts were cancelled.

There are both difficult and tragic chapters in the history of Russia China relations and the history of Soviet China relations. In the 1950s, the two countries enjoyed friendly and even brotherly alliance. In the 1960s and 1970s, relations deteriorated sharply, Various incidents were reported, including armed border clashes. The most serious conflict occurred in March 1969. upper Damanskoi River Ussuri caused casualties on both sides.

Tensions in border areas between the two countries in the mid-1980s Our century began to decline under the influence of internal and external factors. At the same time, a lot of work has been done to determine the boundary line in order to resolve the previously disputed issues.

In 1983, the Soviet Union and China agreed to resume trade relations. The first batch of goods flowed between Heihe River and Blagoveshchensk through border trade. In September 1986, the bilateral trade between the Soviet Union and China officially began.

The normalization of Soviet China relations has played an important role in the economic recovery, especially in the province’s foreign trade. In the 1980s China began to attach great importance to the development of border trade, and the Russian Far East and Siberia became the main rivals of the province. It is worth mentioning the main period when these connections were formed.

1983 Border trade between Heilongjiang Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Khabarovsk, Binhai Border Region, Amur Prefecture and Chita Prefecture has resumed. Later, other regions of the Soviet Union and Chinese provinces also joined the border trade system.

Since 1984 Tensions between China and the Soviet Union began to ease and social relations began to recover. Over the years, a number of Russian and Chinese experts and entrepreneurs have held seminars on economic and trade cooperation between the Soviet Union and China.

1983—1987 Border trade not only increased foreign exchange income, but also met the demand for food and scarce consumer goods in the eastern part of the Soviet Union, reducing the import of expensive goods from the European part of the country. The development of bilateral economic and trade relations is an important factor in the normalization of relations. At the same time, the legal basis of China’s border cooperation is also being updated.

1987 The regulations on border trade settlement procedures, the establishment of border technical and economic cooperation zones, border market trade activities, the organization of the movement of goods through border crossing points and the stay of individuals in border areas have come into force.

1988—1993 Rapid development stage. 1988 The provincial government approved the government’s new strategic policy of «connecting the south and opening the north». Take advantage of the favorable conditions in the formulation of the Eighth Five Year Plan and the Outline for Social and Economic Development in the 1990s The State Council adopted the Document on the Development of Border Trade and Technical and Economic Cooperation with the Soviet Union. According to the document, the province has obtained a series of important privileges (24 specific preferences have been stipulated), has the right to independently establish border companies, and has established 188 companies trading with the Soviet Union.

1989 Suifenhe, Heilongjiang and Tongjiang three major freight transit points have been opened.

At the same time, on the other hand, the former Soviet Union has also experienced an irreversible political and economic process. The disintegration of the Soviet Union destroyed the traditional economic ties, and made the Far East and its raw material economy in a predicament. The region had no choice but to develop its foreign economic activities with its neighbors in Northeast Asia. At the same time, in the case of a serious shortage of food and manufactured goods, due to the sharp decline in the purchasing power of residents, the import of cheap, often poor quality products increased sharply. From China.

1992 The State Council has approved the special preferential treatment for Suifenhe border cities in Heilongjiang Province. Hangzhou (Jilin), Manchuria (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). It includes tax preference (the income tax rate in the production field is reduced from 33% to 24%, tax exemption in the first three years of profitable activities, and tax rate reduction of 50% in the following four years), tariff preference (import tax and unified industrial and commercial tax on raw materials and equipment) Hangzhou (Jilin), Manchuria (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). It provides tax incentives (the industrial income tax rate is reduced from 33% to 24%, tax-free in the first three years of profitable activities, and reduced by 50% in the following four years); Tariff preference (halve the import tax and the unified industrial and commercial tax on raw materials and equipment imported as investment capital, etc.)

Due to the lack of convertible currencies, trade and many forms of technical and economic cooperation (construction contracts, labor services, joint venture construction) are mainly conducted in the form of barter. Prices are negotiated in accordance with the principles set forth in the Inter State Trade Protocol. The calculation is based on Swiss francs. This trade was accompanied by the undervaluation of the export value of Russian companies, which reduced tariffs, and made the investment capital relatively quickly reverse by rapidly selling Chinese food and consumer goods in Russia’s scarce market. For Chinese entrepreneurs, this kind of transaction is very convenient, because the document processing is simple and the financial guarantee is minimal. In addition, due to the weak control of foreign trade departments, barter is beneficial to them. The turbulent situation of border trade in the early 1990s. This has led to the rapid growth of cross-border trade. In Heilongjiang Province, the number of these companies has increased to 8000 in a few years.

Since the second half of 1993 As Russia tightened barter and shuttle trade rules, increased food import tariffs, and implemented the mutual visit visa system, the trade volume showed a downward trend. In addition, the flow of Western European manufacturers’ products into the Russian market increased, while Russian consumers’ confidence in the quality of Chinese products began to decline. This has affected border cooperation and the difficult economic situation of some Russian enterprises, as well as their low degree of performance of the signed contracts.

Early 1990s Compared with the Soviet period, the scope of the province’s export commodities has expanded from hundreds of projects to thousands of projects. Russia exports clothing and footwear, household appliances, building materials, cereals, vegetables and fruits, and Russia mainly supplies raw materials.

Before the early 1990s, bilateral trade was conducted on the basis of liquidation, but it began in early 1991. The scope of liquidation is greatly reduced. In addition, it is only used to provide services for goods between the Central Foreign Trade Corporation under intergovernmental agreements.

At the end of 1991. All Chinese citizens with foreign exchange income or traveling abroad can freely buy and sell RMB at the market exchange rate in state-owned banking institutions.

1992 They account for only 10 per cent of trade. The proportion of decentralized trade channels (direct contact, cross-border trade, delivery through a third country, barter trade) has increased.

1992—1993 Russia’s demand for Chinese goods has had an «explosive effect». The lack of funds in freely convertible currencies (SQV) between the two sides has made barter trade particularly popular. 1993. This proportion has increased. Most of the timber, trucks, tractors, combine harvesters, machine tools and mining equipment supplied to China are paid for through the repurchase of the food industry, textiles and consumer electronics. The main products sold to China in convertible currencies are fertilizers, helicopter parts and automobiles. By the beginning of 1993, Obviously, with the improvement of China’s foreign exchange capacity, Russian experts began to notice that the willingness of Chinese counterparts to pay for supply to SKV has increased.

1993. The bilateral trade volume between China and Russia reached 7.7 billion US dollars. Poor supervision, especially the lack of control over China’s export quality, and the large number of fake and shoddy goods in the Russian market have weakened people’s confidence in Chinese entrepreneurs and Chinese goods in Russia.

A large part of Russia’s imports from 1992 to 1993. These activities are carried out by individuals (so-called «shuttles») who travel once in a neighbouring country. These purchases are rarely reflected in the statistical data. If they are taken into account, Russia’s bilateral trade surplus will be significantly reduced.

1994—1999 Reconciliation period. The border small volume trade of enterprises and trade organizations in border areas shall be carried out within the scope approved by the State. The circular also defines the form of cross-border trade, defines cross-border trade according to international standards, and explains the characteristics of tax policies.

Due to the goodwill and diplomatic efforts of both sides, the relationship was normalized. On April 25, 1996, the Joint Declaration on the Basic Principles of Relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation was adopted, which was the outcome of the first Sino Russian summit. At that time, Russian President Vladimir Putin attended the meeting. Yeltsin visited Beijing.

The Declaration officially announced for the first time the establishment of a partnership of equality and trust with a view to achieving strategic coordination in the 21st century. China believes that the remarkable feature of the new relations is strategic cooperation, not alliance. Interaction is considered a better form of relationship than the Soviet Union.

By the end of 1996. The modern normative legal basis of the People’s Republic of China on border cooperation and border trade has been formed. The legislation stipulates the general principles, tasks, restrictions and borders of border trade (including transaction amount and territorial scope), determines the status of participants, and determines the authority of the state administrative agencies responsible for border trade. Therefore, the absence of an intergovernmental agreement on border trade between China and Russia does not prevent China from formulating «complete» national legislation to determine its system. Russia is first interested in China’s monetary and financial documents (encouraging the use of local currency in border trade), as well as documents that determine the future socio-economic development of China’s border areas with Russia and the development direction of China’s border trade.

By 1996. The negative trend of economic and trade cooperation between Heilongjiang Province and Russia has been reversed. The two sides jointly chose a strategy to promote mutual trade, simplified the structure of commodity circulation, and expanded business on the basis of freely convertible currencies. 1996 The foreign trade volume between Russia and China is 6.8 billion US dollars, with Heilongjiang Province accounting for about 12%. Modern forms of economic cooperation, such as production cooperation, raw material processing and industrial assembly, are still rarely mastered. In 1996, half of the total border trade volume of 19 counties in Heilongjiang Province. Shuttle trade.

December. Heilongjiang Provincial Government held a seminar on economic and trade relations with Russia in Harbin. The participants proposed the «three breakthroughs» strategy for relations with Russia: expanding the scale of trade transactions, improving the quality of goods, expanding the field of economic and trade cooperation, and implementing large-scale projects. The positive momentum of cooperation has become increasingly evident. By the end of 1998. A total of 600 Chinese enterprises and 1000 Russian enterprises participated (70% of which were enterprises in Binhai Border Region, Khabarovsk Border Region and Amur Prefecture).

The economic reform of the two countries is an important factor in promoting bilateral economic cooperation. They occur under different social and political conditions and at different speeds. The leaders of the two countries have different views on the final outcome. However, the reform process of our countries has much in common. First of all, we should break the old balanced distribution system, develop market relations and diversified business models, and actively use external economic growth factors to open up.

Due to the poor quality of commodities and the decline of Russian economy, the total foreign trade volume has dropped significantly. Therefore, even if the long-standing border problem has been solved and the strategic partnership has been established through the development of China Russia political relations, economic and trade exchanges are too cold. In 1999, it was only $5.72 billion.

The most fruitful period of economic and trade relations between Heilongjiang and Russia was the tenth five-year plan of China (2001—2005). According to Chinese customs statistics, the trade volume has increased more than four times in recent years.

The basic principles of Russia China relations, the main directions and fields of bilateral cooperation are reflected in the Treaty of Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation of the People’s Republic of China signed by the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China in Moscow. Jiang Zemin, President of the People’s Republic of China, July 16, 2001. China’s position has been clarified in Jiang Zemin’s speech. «Shuttle trade» was officially included in China’s national export statistics.

This practice seems to hinder the economic development of the province; Its leadership seems to be less interested in production modernization and other innovations, because there is enough money flowing into personal pockets from unregulated cross-border commodity flows. Thousands of small enterprises and self-employed entrepreneurs have not rearmed their industries technologically to produce high-quality products, but live on handmade products. For the Russian market, low-quality consumer goods. Counterfeit products have a negative impact on the strategic partnership between our two countries (first, the reputation of Chinese manufacturers). As mentioned above, Russia mainly exports raw materials, which is mainly due to the rapid growth of China’s industrial production, resulting in the shortage of natural resources in the country. Historically, there was a shortage of consumer goods and food markets in Russia’s border areas. Therefore, the economic structure of both sides must adapt to the new market demand, which leads to the abnormality of China’s trade deficit. This was a turning point in 2003, Since then, the surplus of the province has been growing steadily every year, which is mainly due to the prosperity of the Russian construction industry, leading to the growth of the import of construction materials and machinery from China. A certain increase in residents’ income also played a role, leading to an increase in imports of «consumer basket» goods.

During the «Tenth Five Year Plan» period, China’s private sector has been significantly active in foreign economic transactions with Russia: if in 2001. The trade volume between local non-state-owned enterprises and Russia was 10.67 billion US dollars, which had declined by the end of 2005. It reached $291 billion (a 38 fold increase). Total trade [3]

In addition, the above-mentioned decree stipulates that the development and exploitation rights of Russian gold, copper, iron and coal deposits should be sought. From 2005 to 2007, the annual growth rate of timber harvesting, transportation and processing was 30%.

The problems related to strengthening the plan of importing Russian technology were discussed in detail, and the task of «actively attracting the scientific research achievements and scientific and technological personnel required by the province, and looking for opportunities to attract the entire Russian scientific research center» was put forward.

The document paid some attention to the issue of increasing the export volume of agricultural products. For this reason, it stipulated, among other things, to obtain the Russian quality certificate, continuously expand the export region, and use the leasing relationship to produce agricultural products in Russia.

The two sides respectively discussed the «breakthrough» in the field of border transport development and pointed out the task of encouraging relevant Russian and Chinese departments to open the cross Moscow bridge as soon as possible. Amur, it is said that it is necessary to «rent or purchase» the wharf of the port. Vladivostok

In general, the resolution proposed is a multifaceted and detailed vision of the Russian Federation for the comprehensive utilization of border areas for the economic development of Heilongjiang Province. It can be concluded that this policy of the Chinese authorities aims to (taking into account the depression and actual «disengagement» between the main body of the Russian Far East Federation and the European part of Russia) promote the integration of China’s border areas into the economic raw material interest track of Heilongjiang Province and the entire Northeast China. It must be recognized that, in most cases, the People’s Republic of China is still the initiator of the process of regional economic integration. Starting from the task of safeguarding national interests and economic security, China has actively formulated and increasingly implemented strategic plans for cross-border cooperation.

The «Year of Russia in China» was held in 2006 and the «Year of China in Russia» was held in 2007, including hundreds of different political, economic, cultural and other activities. Leaders of all countries meet four to five times a year. Officially, Russia and China have a «strategic partnership and collaborative relationship». 2009 is the year of Russian in China and 2010 is the year of Chinese in Russia.

The year 2007 is an important year for China Russia regional cooperation. Heilongjiang Province actively responded to the unfavorable factors of Russia’s trade policies and implemented them in a timely manner.

China pointed out that the reasons for Heilongjiang’s relatively low trade volume with Russia were the continuous appreciation of the RMB, the increase of Russian export tariffs on a series of commodities and the crackdown on «gray» imports, the strengthening of customs management by Russia and China, and the increase of energy prices leading to the increase of transport costs.

Since the second half of 2008 At present, the economic and trade relationship between Heilongjiang Province and Russia has entered a new period, which is due to the world financial and economic crisis.

The global financial crisis has had a significant impact on our bilateral economic and trade relations. In Russia, the price of raw materials (especially oil) fell sharply, which was one of the main factors of negative economic growth in Russia in December 2008. (For the first time since March 1999) In addition, the Russian ruble depreciated significantly, reducing the purchasing power of residents. This is the first time in 20 years that Russia has taken decisive measures to restrict the counterfeit products imported into Russia through the «gray tariff plan».

Recognizing the ambiguity and complexity of the situation, China has made efforts to strengthen border trade. October 18, 2008 The State Council issued national document No. 92 Measures to Promote Economic and Trade Development in Border Areas [4]

It can be seen that in 2003, the double trade volume was 15.776 billion US dollars, with a growth rate of 71.4%. In May 2003, the two countries signed the China Russia Joint Statement, and reached an agreement on how to strengthen and develop China Russia good neighborly friendship, partnership and strategic coordination.

It can be seen from Table 1 that Russia China trade volume exceeded 20 billion US dollars for the first time in 2004. In 2004, the trade volume was 21.23 billion US dollars, an increase of nearly 50.9%. In October 2004, the two countries signed an action plan for the implementation of the Sino Russian Treaty of Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation, which stipulates that the Russian Year will be held in China in 2006 and the Chinese Year in Russia in 2007. The two sides also signed a «supplementary agreement on the border between eastern Russia and China».

In 2005, China Russia trade maintained a good momentum of development, with a trade volume of 29.1 billion US dollars. China is Russia’s second largest trading partner after Germany. The Far East Economic Review of the Ministry of Economic and Trade Cooperation of China and Russia released this statistical data. In the first half of 2006, it was 4.86 billion US dollars, accounting for 26.8% of the total trade between China and Russia in 2005—2006. During this period, the total border trade between China and Russia increased by 1.33 billion US dollars. [5]

In 2006, the trade volume was 33.38 billion US dollars, up 14.7%. In March 2006, the leaders of the two countries signed a memorandum on Russian energy supply to ensure the two countries’ foreign policy of independence from the United States and Western European countries.

As can be seen from Table 1, the trade volume in 2007 was 481.6 billion US dollars. The growth rate was 79.9%.

As can be seen from Table 1, the trade volume in 2008 was 56.83 billion US dollars. The volume of trade grew for six consecutive years, up 15.9%. This year, the foreign ministers of the two countries signed the «Additional Protocol — Describing the Boundary Line of Central and Eastern Russia».

It can be seen from Table 1 that under the influence of the global financial crisis, the trade volume between Russia and China dropped sharply in 2009, showing negative growth for the first time. In 2009, the trade volume was 38.79 billion US dollars. As the international financial crisis broke out in 2008, the trade volume between China and Russia dropped sharply in 2009. Therefore, the trade volume did not increase, with a growth rate of — 47.1% (negative).

As can be seen from Table 1, the bilateral trade volume increased by 69% in 2010, reaching 55.45 billion US dollars. Therefore, compared with 2009, the pre crisis level in 2008 has improved. In 2009, China ranked third among Russia’s foreign trade partners.

Since 2010, China has ranked first in the list of Russian foreign trade partners, surpassing the Netherlands and Germany. In the first half of 2011, Russia China financial relations made significant progress, including the first visit of the Russian President to Hong Kong and the official visit of Hu Jintao to Moscow. The two sides signed an agreement on the use of their own currencies in bilateral trade.

Therefore, China Russia trade has played an important role in economic cooperation, becoming an important source of strength for the development of bilateral economic prosperity and development, and gradually achieving stability in border areas. This will play an important role in improving the lives of the Russian and Chinese people.

In 2011, China Russia trade relations were very successful. The volume of foreign trade set a new record, reaching US $79.24 billion.

The trade volume between Russia and China is growing and prospering every month (January to June).

April 2011, D. A. Medvedev met for the first time with Donald Zan, Chief Executive of the Chinese Special Administrative Region, in Hong Kong. The main topic of the meeting was to discuss opportunities for Hong Kong investors in East Siberia and the Russian Far East. In June this year, Chinese President Hu Jintao paid an official visit to Russia. In addition to political and a series of economic issues, the investment cooperation between the Export Import Bank of China and EN+Group (Russia) was also discussed. [6]

In March 2011, DST Global, a Russian investment group focusing on Internet projects, developed 360buy.com, a Chinese online retail platform, together with international investors (including Wal Mart, an American retailer). However, the exact amount of Russian investment has not yet been announced.

In June 2011, the Central Bank of Russia and the People’s Bank of China signed an agreement on the use of local currency in foreign trade contracts. According to the agreement, Russian and Chinese enterprises will be able to use the ruble and RMB as currencies at the same time. The choice of currency depends entirely on the preferences of the participants.

In 2012, the bilateral trade volume reached a record US $88.15 billion.

On January 31, 2012, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation held a meeting of the Russia China Business Council to discuss the results of the foreign trade relations between the two countries in the past year within the framework of the 2009—2018 cooperation plan, and implemented 27 large investment projects in 19 regions of Russia, with a total value of more than 100 billion US dollars. [7].

Today, our relations with China have reached a new level of comprehensive strategic cooperation and trust partnership. Ambitious tasks have begun to emerge, accelerating the expansion of economic cooperation and forming a win-win common development strategy.

So far, the contacts between the heads of state of Russia and China have become tense. This includes official visits, bilateral contacts within the framework of the SCO and APEC summits, etc. In bilateral contacts, the hotline between Russian and Chinese leaders is being actively used.

In 2013, the following product categories accounted for the main shares (percentage) of Russia’s export structure to China:

In 2013, the «fossil fuel» commodity group accounted for more than half of Russia’s exports. The second place in Russia’s exports to China is «timber and its products», and the third place in Russia’s total exports to China is «ores, slag and ashes». The fourth place in Russia’s total exports to China is «non-ferrous metals». The fifth largest product exported by Russia to China is «chemical products». In the sixth place is «fish, shellfish». The seventh export of Russia to China is «fertilizer». Russia’s total exports to China rank eighth as «gems», ninth as «pulp and cellulose», and tenth as «machinery and equipment». Data is taken from 2013.

The main products exported by Russia to China are: fuel and energy products (oil and petroleum products, coal); Wood raw materials, wood and cellulose, metallurgical raw materials and semi-finished products (ore and iron concentrate), frozen fish, mineral fertilizers, aviation equipment and its parts, unprocessed nickel, synthetic rubber, nuclear power plant equipment, lactate, ethylene polymer.

Therefore, Russian energy is an important part of China Russia relations.

Russia China relations are characterized by stable development momentum, solid legal foundation, extensive structure of bilateral cooperation organizations and active contacts at all levels. The Treaty of Good neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation signed in Moscow on July 16, 2001 reflects the basic principles of China Russia relations, the main directions and fields of bilateral cooperation. There are intergovernmental and inter agency agreements in almost all areas of cooperation. The heads of state of Russia and China meet regularly, at least three times a year (official visits, bilateral contacts within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the APEC Summit). From the Chinese perspective, Xia Yishan, the chief researcher of the China Institute of International Studies, can be quoted as saying: «At present, China Russia relations are a new type of state relations. This is no longer the alliance we saw in the 1950s, nor the confrontation between the 1960s and 1970s. This is not an alliance, nor a confrontation, nor is it aimed at a third country. This is a normal good neighbourly relationship between countries.

In the field of international investment cooperation, create a favorable investment environment and create attractive conditions for foreign investors to increase investment in the Russian economy. A series of important legislation has been adopted to encourage the attraction of such funds: foreign investment, free economic zones, concession contracts signed with Russian and foreign investors, product sharing, etc.

Little knowledge of the Russian investment environment in China, there are not many Russian speakers, so there are few students in the school. According to statistics, in 2008. Heilongjiang Province has 13000 foreign language teachers, of which only 500 are Russian teachers. From 2004 to 2006, in Suifenhe District, Heilongjiang Province, only 10% of primary school graduates learned Russian. It can be expected that few Chinese college graduates can speak Russian, and few of them work in the field of economy and trade. It can be said that most companies cannot really understand Russia.

The investment cooperation between Russia and China is also insignificant. From 1992 to 2007, China’s investment in Russia was about 300 million US dollars. These funds are mainly used for the development of border trade infrastructure (retail, catering, hotel, etc.), as well as the establishment of small logging and primary processing joint ventures. Almost all of the above enterprises are located along the Russian Chinese border.

Different scientific fields have different research paradigms. Centering on «teaching and human development», education at the spiritual level, education at the institutional level and education at the instrumental level have been formed. From the perspective of educational activity mechanism, the conceptual factors involved in «teaching and human development», that is, the education at the spiritual level, regulate and control the whole educational activity, making the whole educational activity show a downward causal force dominated trend, that is, the education at the spiritual level at the upper or higher level plays a causal role in the education at the institutional level and the instrumental level at the lower or lower levels. Therefore, educational activities have the characteristics of the cultural world, and pedagogy belongs to the humanities.

And the language is not only a symbol, but also a tool used by people in communication. With the deepening of political, economic, cultural and other exchanges between China and Russia, Russian has become the choice of more people when learning a foreign language. Although there is a teaching system of taking Russian as a foreign language examination subject from primary school to high school in Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province and other minority areas, more and more college Russian learners are starting from scratch, and only after entering the university do they begin to really contact Russian for systematic learning. However, due to a series of reasons such as short school system, complicated curriculum system and single test form, many problems are inevitably exposed. For example, the students we train can only carry out daily simple Russian dialogue. When communicating with Russians in Russian, students cannot understand the deep cultural semantics of Russian, nor can they express their thoughts in pure Russian. The emergence of these problems is often caused by the overemphasis on teaching and learning of language competence in the teaching process, while the cultivation of «language and cultural competence» to improve students’ communicative competence has not received enough attention. «Linguistic and cultural competence» is a compound word, which includes communicative competence, speech competence, linguistic competence, intercultural communicative competence, etc. In teaching, too much attention is paid to the cultivation of basic language ability, while the combination of language ability and cultural ability is ignored. This has affected the formation and improvement of language and cultural ability, resulting in cross-cultural communication barriers. In other words, students have not learned and formed corresponding communicative competence such as those mentioned above to conduct actual language communication. At present, in linguistics, special attention is paid to the comprehensive learning of foreign languages and national cultures, and the interaction between language and culture plays an increasingly important role in communication.

From the perspective of applied linguistics, language competence is mainly embodied in the following aspects: language competence, behavioral competence and pragmatic competence. First of all, in terms of language ability, language users should master solid and broad language knowledge, language use skills, and be familiar with the language structure and the cultural accompanying meaning contained therein; Secondly, in terms of behavioral competence, it is necessary to understand the language characteristics and usage habits under different national and social backgrounds, and be able to use the learned language to communicate fluently with the communicators in the target language countries; Finally, in terms of pragmatic competence, we should be able to recognize the linguistic and non linguistic behaviors unique to the language and culture we have learned, understand their functions, understand and be familiar with the social rules of language use in different contexts and the cultural background of discourse use.

In a broad sense, culture includes both material and spiritual aspects, which refers to the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings in historical development. In the narrow sense, culture focuses on the spiritual aspect, mainly referring to social ideology, pragmatic norms and the corresponding social systems and organizations. However, from the perspective of applied language and culture, cultural competence refers more to intercultural communication competence, that is, the ability to apply the learned cultural knowledge to the actual situation communication.

Therefore, language is one of the most important categories in culture, because a person’s worldview is expressed through language, and people live in the space formed by language all their lives. However, language is not only a tool of communication, but also the environment it shapes has a direct impact on people’s life experience. First of all, language provides tools and possibilities for interpersonal communication and cultural exchange, while culture establishes norms, forms and topics of interest for people in the process of actual communication. With the aid of language as a tool, culture becomes the subject of communication, which also reacts on the communicator itself, not only improving the communicator’s language communication ability, but also broadening the communicator’s cultural connotation and enhancing his cultural heritage.

Cultural competence includes the ability of individuals to identify national and social characteristics, as well as the ability to practice, predict and understand behavioral motivations.

In terms of pragmatic competence, it can identify the linguistic and non linguistic behaviors unique to the language and culture learned, explain their functions, and understand and be familiar with the social rules of language use in different contexts and the cultural background of discourse use.

In terms of language ability, we should master solid and broad language knowledge and language skills, and be familiar with the national cultural factors contained in language structures and language units.

In terms of communication ability, learn about people’s language characteristics, speech behavior patterns and habits in different social backgrounds and social environments, and choose appropriate speech behaviors for communication activities in various situations.

In terms of cultural competence, we can use the cultural knowledge, cultural background and cultural value of the familiar language to effectively carry out cross-cultural communication.

It can be seen that the definition of linguistic and cultural competence is not limited to a specific scope. This ability can not only be applied to the practice of learning cultural knowledge and value system in the native language, but also play a role in learning foreign language and culture, and be applied to the actual communication process with people from different cultural backgrounds.

After years of research and practice, several commonly used views on the concept of «language competence» are: «language competence» refers to the ability to master the knowledge of the language system and the rules for the use of language in speech, and to understand other people’s ideas and express their own judgments with the help of this system. «Language competence» refers to the ability of people to communicate with each other by using vocabulary, vocabulary forms and syntactic structures in accordance with the norms of standard language.

«Language competence» is also a complex psychological system, which includes not only the knowledge about language acquired in the process of professional learning, but also the language experience accumulated in daily language use and the perception of language formed on this basis. In addition, language ability can also refer to the ability to master the theoretical knowledge of language (words, semantics, rhetoric, etc.), learn to actively and systematically use linguistic knowledge and corresponding skills, and express their ideas in an organized way. It can also refer to the ability of language users to say or understand unprecedented and grammatical sentences, and to distinguish ambiguous sentences, Can make correct judgments on sentences with the same surface form but different actual semantics or sentences with different surface forms but similar actual semantics, as well as the ability to use language skills such as listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating.

In explaining speech ability（ речевая компетенция） Before the concept, you should first understand the concept of «speech». Linguistic studies point out that the process in which people use language to communicate is called speech. Language and speech are two different concepts. Language is a social phenomenon, while speech is a psychological phenomenon; Language is the research object of linguistics, while speech is the research object of psychology. Speech refers to the specific use of language by people, which has two meanings: one is the process of writing and speaking, which is called speech act, also called speech activity; The second is what people write and say, also known as speech works. It can be concluded that «speech ability» is a psychological condition that people can use language tools to transmit information smoothly in practical communication. It is embodied in five aspects: listening, speaking, reading, writing and translating. Practical research shows that, on the basis of the physiological quality of speech, human beings will gradually acquire and develop speech ability through communication activities or through systematic education.

Culture has always been regarded as the product of social and historical development, a special objective reality that people can discover, recognize, learn, and reveal its development mechanism and laws. Moreover, this cognitive process is necessary for the improvement of people’s personality self cognition in society, especially what people are, how to evaluate people’s personality in modern society, and what is the difference between a national culture and other national cultures, A deeper understanding is more necessary. In the field of educational culture, we are studying the spiritual world of human beings, the position of human personality in social culture, and analyzing human spiritual culture as a complex process of human creation and mastery of cultural reality. The new educational model is committed to discovering the mechanism of human cultural improvement and exploring ways to achieve this practical and specific goal. As the basic form of human activities, cultural issues are the focus of the world society. Therefore, the significance of the humanities is increasing, and the issues of humanities education, educational content, educational methods and organizational principles are the primary issues. «Cultural competence» is one of them.

The essence of the process of modern education is the process of seeking the relationship between people and culture. In this process, people are exploring the humanities and social sciences, the significance of education, psychology, religion, art and national traditions. Under modern conditions, educational issues must be studied from the perspective of culturology, which has gained new significance. As pointed out in the concept of the material structure and content of «philosophy», the purpose of philosophy education is to cultivate people’s certain abilities — namely, linguistic competence, communicative competence and cultural competence.

Language is the social adhesive and the carrier and foundation of culture. Language is an important aspect of a country’s comprehensive strength. Dude, a French writer, wrote in The Last Lesson, «When a nation is enslaved, as long as we firmly remember their language, it is like holding a key to open the prison». Visible, language pair

Importance to the nation and country. Language policy is an important part of national policy and national policy, and it is «an important matter concerning all mankind». The government needs to develop ideal tools for the normal or efficient operation of multilingual society and other national affairs; Regional or local communities may wish to preserve their cultural heritage and create a writing system».

In the early days of the establishment of the Soviet Socialist Republic, Lenin advocated adhering to the basic principles of national equality and language equality, and opposed the compulsory use of Russian as the national language. The Soviet government simplified the Russian language and eliminated illiteracy by implementing the new orthography. This has played a very important role in improving the literacy rate of the Soviet people and the overall cultural level

Positive role. However, in 1923, the letter La-T was declared to be a national mandatory letter. After that, the minority language represented by Turkic started the process of La-T. The Soviet government also had the idea of Russian downgrading, but it soon stopped. Lalaohua has a strong political intention of the Soviet government, which has buried the root of national contradictions.

From 1917 to 1924, the Soviet government successively promulgated the resolution on the implementation of the New Orthographic Law, the resolution on eliminating illiteracy, and the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which defined the principles of the language policy in the early days of the establishment of the Soviet Union. On December 23, 1917, the Soviet People’s Education Commission issued a resolution on the implementation of the New Orthographic Law. The resolution stipulates that «in order to make it easier for the general public to master Russian, improve the level of general education, and free schools from unnecessary waste of time caused by learning spelling rules, it is recommended that the state and government agencies and schools realize the transition to the new orthography as soon as possible» 2. The resolution stipulates that all government and national publications shall be printed in accordance with the new orthography from January 1, 1918. All schools in the Republic should gradually realize the transition to the new orthography; "The orthographic reform began gradually in primary schools; Citizens who have mastered the original orthography will not be forced to re learn».

At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was one of the countries with the worst educational level in Europe. According to the 1897 census, only 24% of Russia’s population is illiterate. On December 26, 1919, the People’s Committee adopted the resolution on eliminating illiteracy. The resolution stipulates that «in order to enable all residents to consciously participate in the political life of the Soviet country represented by the people», «all residents of the Republic who cannot read or write from the age of 8 to 50 should voluntarily learn their mother tongue or Russian… Except for military enterprises, the working hours of the employed workers who can read and read should be reduced by two hours a day for paid study».

Article 34 of Chapter 5 of Part 2 of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Provisions on the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, promulgated in 1924, stipulates that «the decrees and resolutions of the Central Executive Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, its Presidium and the People’s Committee shall be printed in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Uzbek and Tajik (Farsi)». The Constitution of the Soviet Union in 1924, 1936 and 1977 did not highlight the role of Russian, and emphasized that all ethnic groups have the equal right to use their mother tongue to receive education, reflecting the principle of language equality. However, various language policies pursued by the Soviet government after the 1930s contradicted the provisions of the Constitution. From 1992 to the end of the 1930s, the Soviet Union completed the reform task of bringing down Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Tiaoqing and Mongolian. «Among the 127 oriental nationalities in the Soviet Union, more than 80 have already had written characters and schools.». From 1929 to 1930, the Soviet government also had a brief idea of Russian demotion. The implementation of the Lala language policy has hurt the feelings of all ethnic groups

In view, it has split its cultural and historical heritage, laying a foreshadowing for the intensification of national conflicts. In 1922, Azerbaijan, located at the border between the eastern and western parts of the Soviet Union, established the New Azerbaijani Alphabet Committee. In 1993, it was declared as a national mandatory letter. In this year, Ingushetia, North Ossetia and Kajilda in the North Caucasus also started the process of Latin American integration. In 1925, the Central Committee of the All Soviet New Turkic Alphabet was established in Ziku. In 1926, the first Turkic Commission called for the extension of the experience of the extension of Azerbaijani Turkic language to all Soviet republics and autonomous regions. In 1928, the Muslim religious school was closed. At the same time,

Set up the course of pulling the T letter in the school. From 1917 to 1919, Lunacharski, who served as the Soviet Commissioner of Education, wrote, «This eliminates the possibility of all Turkic nationalists who believe in Muslims and Turkic culture to enter politics. The Bolshevik’s letter collision is an exclusion of this ancient culture.». In 1929, the Soviet People’s Representative, the Soviet Union, passed Resolution 3 on the Demolition of All Soviet National Characters Written in Arabic. This year, the Jewish language also completed its demotion. Changing Arabic into Latin has the strong political intention of the Soviet government; On the one hand, the literal reform eliminated the influence of traditional religious culture and opposed anti Soviet Muslim organizations. As the website of the Jewish Foundation commented, «the main purpose of the supporters of the character reform is to cut off the religious roots of the Caucasian people, promote Latin rather than Arabic among Muslims, and quickly remove the influence of learning the Koran in schools before the revolution». From September 1, 1938, the National Republic and the National Autonomous Prefecture must learn Russian. All non Russian primary schools offer Russian courses from grade 2, and all incomplete middle schools and middle schools offer Russian courses from grade 3. Considering the large number of incomplete middle schools and middle schools in Georgia, Georgia is allowed to offer Russian «3» from the third grade of primary school. In addition, the resolution also specifies the Russian knowledge that students should master in different stages, proposes to modify the teaching plans of primary and secondary schools, and specifies the weekly Russian learning hours. The resolution also stipulates the preparation of Russian textbooks for non Russian schools, the provision of training for Russian teachers, and the provision of other Russian resources and necessary assistance. Although this resolution does not belittle the national language, some schools prohibit «Komi children who do not understand Russian before entering school to speak their native language». From the 1940s to the 1950s, minority languages were used less and less in school education, and the proportion of Russian teaching was gradually expanding. For example, in Kazakhstan, 38.6% of the total schools in the Republic of Kazakhstan use Russian as the teaching language.

In 1958, the Soviet Union Qiao government issued the decree on strengthening the relationship between school and life and further developing the Soviet Union’s national education system, pointing out that, on the one hand, «the Soviet Union carried out a real cultural revolution. Soviet schools played a decisive role in the revolution and promoted the development of multi-ethnic culture The universal education has been realized, and secondary education, vocational and technical education and higher education have been developed. „On the other hand, it points out that education at all levels is backward and the needs of national construction.“ The most important deficiency is the disconnection between teaching and life, and the students trained by the school are not well prepared for production practice.». The law requires that the education they receive, whether children or young people, «must be closely linked to national life».

The 1958 Act also stated that parents were granted the right to choose schools for their children to reduce the language burden. Russian colleges and universities are the key factors influencing parents’ decision. Scientific and technological revolution and progress have also played an important role in it. We should learn Russian more effectively in ethnic schools, and learn about the achievements of world civilization through Russian.»

As a result of the school reform, Russian teaching has replaced national language teaching not only in middle schools (grades 5—8), but also in primary schools (grades 1—4). Finally, the traditional national language and culture are excluded from the national basic education. The first edition of Pravda (No. 147), published on May 27, 1983, published the discussion of the Supplementary Provisions on Improving Russian Teaching in Ordinary Schools and Other Educational Institutions of the Federated Republic by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union. «With the steady implementation of Lenin’s ethnic policy, the cultures of all ethnic groups are enriched and prosperous. The mother tongues and literature of all ethnic groups in the Soviet Union have developed comprehensively and equally. All citizens in fact have the right to learn their mother tongue and other languages. At the same time, under the current conditions, when the national economy is transformed into a unified national economic system, the meaning of Russian as a voluntary communication language of the Soviet Union is growing. In parallel with the mother tongue, the free mastery of Russian can further strengthen the relations among all ethnic groups in the Soviet Union, enhance the friendship among all ethnic groups, promote all ethnic groups to understand the spiritual treasure of the motherland and the world culture, and understand the achievements of scientific and technological progress.». The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union issued resolutions on the above issues, stipulating that «a series of measures should be taken to create conditions for residents of all republics to learn Russian, and further expand and optimize the training of teachers». The meeting also discussed the publishing of textbooks, dictionaries, teaching methods and literature books, with the aim of meeting the needs of young students for mastering Russian. In 1984, the Ministry of Chemistry issued the Order on Translating Official Documents of All Soviet Museums into Russian. At the same time, the Soviet government also issued relevant resolutions on improving and encouraging citizens’ foreign language learning, including the Resolution on Improving Foreign Language Learning (1961) 2, the Resolution on Determining the System and Amount of Extra fixed Wage Rewards for Librarians and Tour Guides Who Master Foreign Languages (1985) and the Resolution on Continuing to Learn Foreign Languages in Ordinary Middle Schools (1987).

During this period, the Soviet government vigorously promoted the Russian language, editing and publishing a large number of Russian as a second language publications. In 1979, M.A. Prokofiev, the Minister of Education of the Soviet Union, declared at the All Soviet Academic Conference that «Russian is the language of friendship and cooperation among the people of all ethnic groups in the Soviet Union» that «the earlier a child starts to learn a second language, the more successful he will be in mastering the language».

By 1979, 81.9% of the population was proficient in Russian, of which 52.4% were Russian, 6.1% were non Russian, and 23.4% were non Russian. This figure was 70.8%, 54.6%, 4.8% and 11.4% respectively in 19 odd years. It can be seen from this that the number of non Russian ethnic groups assimilated by Russian in the participating republics has greatly increased. During the 20 years from 1919 to 1979, the number of non Russian ethnic groups whose native language is Russian has increased by 6.1 million, and the number of non Russian ethnic groups who are proficient in Russian and use Russian as a second language has increased by 19.4 million.

On May 24, 1999, President Yeltsin of the Russian Federation promulgated Federal Decree No. 99, namely, the National Policy of the Russian Federation for the Treatment of Overseas Compatriots.

Chapter 17 of the Act is to protect compatriots abroad in the fields of culture, language and education. The main contents include:; 1) State organ W of the Russian Federation and various government ministries support overseas Chinese in Russia to protect and develop their language and cultural heritage, which is an important sign of maintaining their uniqueness and supporting them to use Russian to obtain equal educational opportunities. 2) When overseas Chinese in Russia have cultural, scientific and information needs, they can use the local Russian science and culture. 3) In order to promote the preservation and development of the cultural heritage of overseas Chinese in Russia, the Russian Federation’s nationalized customs and various government ministries provide assistance to local cultural and educational institutions, libraries, archives, museums, theaters, etc., promote the research of the cultural heritage of overseas Russian, and support cultural exchanges between the Russian Federation and overseas Russian.

4) We will promote overseas Russians’ awareness and understanding of their mother tongue, and create conditions for overseas Chinese to learn and receive information in their mother tongue. The decree is a supplement to the 1994 Basic National Policy for the Treatment of Overseas Compatriots. There are 12 references to language, which shows the importance attached to language.

（2） The implementation effect of Russia’s foreign language policy During this period, the situation in Russia was in chaos and the society was in turmoil. The number of subjects of the Russian Federation is several times more than that of the Soviet Union’s participating republics. All republics have adopted their own constitutions and legal documents to issue declarations of sovereignty or independence, putting local and group interests above the central and state powers. Some federal entities declared themselves «sovereign states» and demanded that independent «sovereign states» join Russia. Between federal entities

There are constant disputes, serious economic inflation, serious arrears of wages and pensions by the state, frequent replacement of government officials, and frequent social protests. Yeltsin’s government had no time to consider the long-term foreign Russian promotion policy, but focused on the Russian people outside the neighboring countries. From the implementation effect, the foreign Russian policy during Yeltsin’s reign did not achieve its expected effect. On the one hand, Russian lost its dominant position in the post Soviet space. For example, in 1995, Lithuania and Estonia declared Russian as a foreign language.

Since the new century, due to the increase of energy income and the implementation of a more stable and positive economic policy by the Russian government, the Russian economy has made great changes. Although the Russian economy declined in 2015, overall, Russia’s comprehensive strength has been significantly enhanced at this stage. However, in terms of language, Russian is not in good condition in Russia. As pointed out in the Federal Russian Program (2016—2020), «Russian has a series of problems», which is reflected in the decline of citizens’ ability to master Russian, the limited function of Russian as a national communicative language in a series of regions, and the low success of Russian in the unified national examination of Russia. For this reason, Russia has adjusted its domestic language policy and made relevant legislation at the federal and republic levels. It can be said that from the beginning of the new century to 2014, the Russian economy has shown sustained and rapid growth, and the overall economic situation has improved, entering a relatively stable stage of development. In 2004, Russia’s GDP exceeded the 1990 level before the collapse of the Soviet Union.

According to the 2002 Russian population census, there are more than 150 national languages in Russia, 23% of the people have mastered 38 languages, and the people who use the remaining 114 languages only account for 1% of the Russian population. More than one-third of the languages in Russia are minority languages, and the population speaking these minority languages does not exceed 35000. The largest of these is the Nenets. There are 34600 Nenets. According to the results of a social ethnological survey conducted in the spring of 2002, the number of Udmurts who believed that their mother tongue was Udmurt increased to 78.2% in the Udmurt Republic. However, it is worth noting that few of the Udmurt college students can speak Udmurt as well as adults or elderly Udmurts. 20.6% of Udmurt people refused to use Udmurt because they turned to Russian. In the Republic of Shoes and Shoes, 66.7% of the Shoemakers believe that their mother tongue is Shoemaker, while 97.4% of Russians believe that their mother tongue is Russian.

The survey shows that in 2002, at least one of every five Udmurts communicated with their grandparents in Russian, and at least one of every four shoe editing people communicated with their grandparents in Russian. This shows the strong attraction and influence of Russian on the younger generation. According to the provisions of the Education Law of the Russian Federation and the linguistic laws of the republics, choosing to learn Russian is a choice made by parents or legal guardians for the younger generation. This has also directly led to the lack of follow-up of the national language of the Republic. Another result of this survey also supports this: 45% of couples in Udmurt families talk in Russian, and 68% of couples in shoe collection families talk in Russian.

53.2% of Udmurt people use Russian as their language for dealing with friends, and 77.8% use Russian as their language for dealing with friends. In the workplace, the proportion is even greater.

In May 2005, Russia promulgated the National Language Law. The purpose of this law is to guarantee the use of the national language of the Russian Federation throughout Russia, to guarantee the use of the national language by Russian citizens, and to protect and develop the cultural rights of the Russian language. Guoyu Fa is divided into Wei Zhang, respectively; Russian as the State Language of the Russian Federation

Legal Basis of the State Language, Scope of Use of the State Language of the Russian Federation, Protection and Support of the State Language of the Russian Federation, Guarantee of the Right of Russian Citizens to Use the State Language, and Responsibility for Violation of the State Language Law of the Russian Federation. Chapter 1 of the Decree clearly stipulates that «according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Russian is the national language throughout the territory of the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation determines the grammar, orthography and punctuation of the standard language of modern Russian used as the national language. The national language of the Russian Federation is conducive to promoting mutual understanding and strengthening inter ethnic ties in a unified multi-ethnic country. The protection and support of Russian as the national language will help enrich the spiritual culture of all ethnic groups in Russia. When Russian is used as the national language, it is not allowed to use words and phrases that do not conform to the norms of modern Russian. Only when there is no general similar expression in Russian, foreign words can be used. The necessity of the use of the national language of the Russian Federation cannot be interpreted as denying or restricting the right to use the national language of the republics of the Russian Federation and the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation. "The National Language Law directly reflects the Russian government’s emphasis on Russian and Russian development, marking the final formation of the Russian language policy. The National Language Law once again defines the description of the status of Russian in the Russian Constitution, emphasizing the important role of Russian, and at the same time, a separate chapter clarifies the scope of the use of the national language of the Russian Federation, which is another definition of the planning of the status of Russian. At the same time, in this law, the government began to vigorously promote the noumenon planning of Russian — purity, and not be violated by foreign words. The two amendments to the National Language Law on July 2, 2013 and May 5, 2014 also fully reflect these two points.

The revised «National Language Law» has been added after Article 9 of Chapter 3 «Scope of Use of the Russian Federation’s National Language», «Activities of all Russian, regional and municipal radio and television units, and the use of Russian in the editorial department of regular publications of all Russian, regional and municipal levels», «When showing films in cinemas», «When making comments on literary works, artistic works When folk creations are performed in public, «they must be in Russian. This is the strengthening of the status of Russian in the mass media and various cultural activities. The revised National Language Law also adds «including rude swearing words» after Chapter 1 «Russian as the national language of the Russian Federation», which states that «when Russian is used as the national language, words and phrases that do not conform to the norms of modern Russian cannot be used». In Article 7 of Chapter 4 «Protection and Support of the National Language of the Russian Federation», after the words «Supervise the implementation of the national language law of the Russian Federation», add the words and expressions that do not conform to the standard language of modern Russian through the supervision and inspection of independent institutions». The principles embodied in these two revisions are to purify Russian and limit bad language

Using and sending is the firm belief and concrete embodiment of the government in strengthening the Russian ontology planning.

In addition, in 2014, Russia also passed the Law on Prohibition of the Use of Budao Language, which stipulates that the use of uncensored bad language in literary works, artistic works, mass media, concerts, plays and films will be strictly prohibited, and violators will be fined. This also means that the government’s restrictions on bad Russian language are more and more detailed and practical.

In the new century, with the continuous economic development, Russia’s comprehensive national strength has been continuously enhanced, and the language policy implemented by Russia has become more and more active and clear: vigorously promote the Russian language policy internally, and constantly enhance the international influence of Russian externally. The Special Outline for Russian Language of Qiaobang (2016—2020) issued in 2015 stated that «Russia has signed 47 agreements on the protection and promotion of Russian education with relevant countries at the national level». This chapter elaborates and analyzes how the Russian government implements its language policy, and evaluates its language policy. In the practice of the Russian government’s language policy, Russian and Russian education have become the first development direction. In contemporary Russia, Russian is not only the national language of the Federation and one of the national languages of all republics, but also the teaching language of the whole Federation. Its status has been significantly improved. Russian, Russian development and Russian education have been promoted as an important part of Russia’s internal affairs. This reflects the Russian government’s political tradition of adhering to nationalism in the process of political reform and globalization. The Russian government has ensured the implementation of the Russian language policy through the establishment of the Presidential Russian Committee, the inclusion of Russian as a required subject of high interest examinations, the continuous promotion of Russian teaching, the establishment of the «Russian Day» and the official network promotion of Russian. With the profound changes in international relations, the rivalry between major countries presents a comprehensive national strength competition. The international expression of a country’s language, culture and values, foreign policies, political and legal systems and other «soft power» are playing an increasingly important role. The new version of the Russian Foreign Policy Concept issued on February 12, 2013 used the term «soft power» in the official document for the first time, saying that «according to the characteristics of the country, learn from international experience, improve the use of the soft power mechanism, and seek ways of active activities in this regard». This reflects the decision of the Russian government to win the global competition by means of «soft power». As early as 2007, the Russian government began to export its «soft power» through the establishment of the «Russian World» Foundation, and then implemented the «Overseas Russian Schools» project and the «Russian as a soft power of the motherland resources» project, and carried out activities and events worldwide. Russia’s use of Russian as an important tool for the construction of the country’s «soft power» and the main means of export of Russian national resources reflects the fundamental attitude of the Russian government towards social language issues in the new century, when Russia pursues an active foreign policy of safeguarding national interests, putting the restoration of the status of a major country in a prominent position, and consolidating and restoring the sphere of influence in the CIS region. Language policy is an important part of national policy, which is related to national unity and national unity. Russian language policy is divided into domestic language policy and foreign language policy. In the domestic language policy, the Russian language policy and other national language policies are included, which are reflected at the federal level and the republic level. The Russian policy refers to «ensuring the use of the national language of the Russian Federation in the whole Russian territory, ensuring the use of the national language by Russian citizens, and protecting and developing the cultural rights of the Russian language», which reflects the subjectivity of the language policy. The language policy of other ethnic groups refers to «the state recognizes that all languages of the ethnic groups in the Russian Federation have the same rights to retain and develop. All languages of the ethnic groups in the Russian Federation are supported by the state», which reflects the language

Diversity of policies. Russification has become an important feature of contemporary Russian language policy, both in terms of domestic language policy and foreign language policy. We should analyze this dialectically.

The 20th century was the heyday of the spread and promotion of Russian. In 1915, 140 million people were proficient in Russian. Russian became the most popular language in the world at that time.

Russian has become one of the most popular languages in the world. The Russian Special Outline of the Russian Federation (2016—2020) points out that Russian ranks sixth among all languages in the world. Russian is the official or working language of many international organizations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Agreement, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Organization for Security Cooperation in Europe, the European Union, the International Atomic Energy Agency, etc. It can be said that Russian is one of the languages that have played a great role in human civilization both in history and today. Since the new century, Russia has carried out the policy of promoting foreign Russian with great fanfare, set up the «Russian World» Foundation, implemented the «Overseas Russian Schools» project and the «Russian as a soft power of the motherland resources» project, carried out activities and events in the global scope, and invested a lot of money and energy. However, on the whole, Russia’s foreign Russian policy did not achieve the effect expected by the Russian government. Today, except Belarus, Russian is on the decline in most countries and faces many difficulties. The Special Outline of Federal Russian (2016—2020) issued in 2015 also pointed out that, according to the analysis of the project of W’s promotion to Russian, «its social effects and current practice have not completely solved the key problems, and do not always conform to the rapidly changing reality».

There are various reasons for the unsatisfactory Russian foreign promotion policy. The pattern of a multipolar world, together with the weakening of Russia’s spatial influence in the post Soviet Union, the Russian economy, the sanctions imposed by the West on Russia, and other factors, determine the limited space for Russian development abroad.

The Russian language policy has played a positive role for the Russian state and government. First of all, the establishment and consolidation of Russian as the national language provide a unified language guarantee for safeguarding national unity and security. The promulgation of the National Language Law and a series of laws and regulations has determined the status of Russian as the national language, and prohibited harmful languages from infringing the national language.

This has enhanced the cohesion of the Russian state and the unified Russian nation. At the same time, in terms of foreign language policy, it is easier to obtain good international public opinion support and cultivate pro Russian forces by using humanistic, diplomatic and educational means through Russian as a carrier, such as funding overseas humanistic and educational projects. This will help promote the development of integrated economic and people to people and cultural cooperation between Russia and its neighboring countries and regions, and help maintain its national security. Second, the information construction related to Russian learning and research promoted by the Russian authorities will help promote the development of Russian, show the positive actions and achievements of the Russian government in Russian language policy, and enhance the image of Russia. The Russian government, through Pushkin Russian Institute, St. Petersburg State University and other Russian universities, constantly promotes Russian online education and information construction. W digital forms preserve and display Russian language and culture, and promote the development of Russian language and culture education. This will help improve the whole society and the world’s understanding of Russian and Russian culture, and enhance Russia’s cultural soft power, which is one of the manifestations of Russia’s political independence as a sovereign state. Third, the purification of Russian and the vigorous promotion of Russification objectively opposed the strong language invasion under the trend of globalization. The basic characteristics and development trend of globalization in today’s world. In the context of globalization, the integration of languages is more rapid than at any other time. Russian is also inevitably affected by other languages, such as English, German, French, etc. Since the 21st century, Russia has taken active measures at various levels such as law, mass media, national unified examination, international competitions, network promotion, and overseas schools to maintain and promote the healthy development of the Russian language. Maintaining a standardized Russian language will help to preserve the cultural gene of Russian, preserve the historical characteristics of Russia as a unified country, and maintain the vitality of the Russian nation and its traditional culture.

Language policy reflects the concept of national governance, is an important part of national policy, and is related to national unity and national unity. The Russian language policy inherited the heritage of the Soviet Union’s language policy, and on this basis, it was adjusted and reformed. Contemporary Russian policies can be divided into Yeltsin’s ruling period and the new century

time slot. In the first period, Russia, which had just become independent, was not strong enough, its economy was declining, and its political situation was unstable. It implemented a diversified language policy to balance multiple demands, and adopted a conservative and passive policy to protect the Russian rights and interests of overseas Chinese in the post Soviet space in terms of foreign language promotion. In the second period, with the enhancement of Russia’s economic strength, its domestic language policy and foreign language policy became more and more firm, Russian has stabilized the status of the national language from the macro status planning, and has become the national teaching language. It has been purified and standardized from the micro ontology planning, and has become an important tool for the export of Russian national cultural soft power in terms of external promotion. Finally, it has formed the development trend of Russian language policy. By studying the background, content and effect of language policy implementation in Russia in different periods, it is not difficult to find that although language policies show different characteristics in different stages, in fact, they have an internal logic: when the country’s comprehensive strength is relatively weak and the demand for language rights is strong, the government generally adopts diversified language policies to balance the relationship between languages, For example, in the early days of the establishment of the Soviet Union and after the independence of New Russia, Yeltsin was in power; When the country’s comprehensive strength is relatively strong and the demand for language rights is weak, the government of the dominant ethnic group generally adopts the language policy of giving priority to the development of the dominant ethnic group’s language, such as the middle and late Soviet Union and since the new century. On the eve of the disintegration of the Soviet Union, ethnic issues first broke out in the field of language policy, and language identity and national identity replaced the previous class identity. After independence, Russia’s comprehensive strength was weak, and the vigorous legislative movement of «national language» in the former Soviet Union’s republics also spread to Russia. All ethnic groups had strong demands for language rights,

The Russian government has implemented a diversified language policy: Russian is the national language of the Russian Federation, and most republics have stipulated that the main national language is also the national language of the Republic, expanding the function of national languages. These policy documents are highly operable, balancing the relationship between national languages in politics, economy, humanities, education and other fields, and contributing to social stability and political stability. The national languages of the republics are written on the basis of Kiril alphabet, and the teaching language of Russian is similar to the Kirirization and compulsory learning of Russian in the Soviet era. At present, in addition to Russian, a total of 37 national languages are planned as the national language of the Republic, but these languages must be Kirirized. The writing basis of some of these languages has undergone repeated changes. For example, the Jiji language experienced a transition from Arabic alphabet to Kyrillization in the Soviet period, and then to Kyrillization after Russia’s independence. In terms of language rights, the revision of the writing basis of the ethnic groups that already have written characters has objectively split the historical and cultural traditions of these ethnic groups, damaged national rights and violated the provisions of the Russian Constitution on national language rights. In terms of foreign language policy, during Yeltsin’s reign, there was a serious shortage of investment in the promotion of Russian to the outside world. The focus of his foreign language policy was to maintain the Russian function in the CIS and the Baltic coastal areas, and ensure the right of overseas Chinese in these areas to receive Russian education. The Russian language policy since the new century W and the language policy during Yeltsin’s reign have also undergone significant changes. The Russian promotion area has shifted from the post Soviet space to the post Soviet space, and the Russian promotion audience has shifted from Russian overseas Chinese in the post Soviet space to those overseas Chinese who have mainly promoted to the world to learn Russian. From the perspective of implementation effect, Russian language policies in these two periods have objectively achieved certain results. As far as the domestic language policy is concerned, Russian has always occupied a strong position in the work and life of various Russian nationalities, whether during the Yeltsin period or in the new century, and has guaranteed the unity of the country and the Russian nation, which has played a positive role for the Russian state and government. Russian minority language education has developed during Yeltsin’s period. However, since the new century, despite the promulgation of several decrees to protect national languages, minority language schools and the number of learners have shown a significant downward trend. As far as foreign language policy is concerned, the influence of Russian in the post Soviet space is declining, and the number of people learning and mastering Russian is declining. Since the new century, Russia has continued to implement an active foreign promotion policy. During this period, the number of people learning and mastering Russian in the space of the post Soviet Union slowed down. However, the pattern of a multipolar world, the weakening of Russia’s spatial influence in the post Soviet Union, and the Russian economy, which is strong at times and weak at times, determine the limited development space of Russian outside Russia. Looking forward to the future, the Russian language policy will continue to maintain national sovereignty and enhance the soft power of readers as the basic starting point. On the basis of inheriting the experience of the past 20 years, the Russian language policy will skillfully place the wormhole village in the body planning of Russian standardization, and skillfully improve the nuclear village and competitiveness of the Russian speaking world, and seek a greater role in global affairs. Russia will continue to promote Russian in all Russian subjects through legislation or amendment of laws, so as to improve the effectiveness and control of state management. On the other hand, in terms of Russian national language policy, the work will also gradually focus on the peaceful coexistence of Russian languages and languages of all ethnic groups in Russia and the scientific protection of minority languages. We will seriously face up to the languages of all ethnic groups in Russia, especially the mining languages, carry out relevant work on multi-ethnic languages and their cultures, and win the recognition of the government from all ethnic groups. Russia is a multilingual, multi-ethnic and multicultural country, and our country is also a multilingual, multi-ethnic and multicultural country. Both countries are countries with dominant nationalities, and their language and national conditions are relatively complex. Studying the changes, gains and losses of the language policy of Russia, China’s largest neighbor, first helps us realize more clearly that the comprehensive national strength of the country is hard power, language is an important manifestation of national sovereignty, and language development and export is one of the forms of soft power. Only when the comprehensive national strength is strengthened can language and the culture behind it be respected internally and attractive externally. Second, studying the content and effect of the Russian language policy will help us formulate and adjust the language policy more maturely; In terms of domestic language policy formulation, we should pay more attention to the language rights and interests of ethnic minorities, promote bilingual teaching in ethnic minority areas according to the wishes of ethnic minority people, maintain the diversity of Chinese culture and let a hundred flowers bloom, and in terms of domestic language policy implementation, the state should support the establishment of a rich and innovative Chinese language education and Chinese culture education website, enhance China’s cultural soft power, and develop a foreign oriented education website

Students learn Chinese with user-friendly interface and easy to use Internet mobile applications, and promote them globally through market channels or mobile application stores; In terms of the promotion of foreign language policy, we can learn from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Agency for Humanities and Cultural Cooperation, the Ministry of Education and Science, the «Russian World» Foundation and other ministries to promote Russian at multiple levels

In addition to the «Chinese Bridge», more and more diversified global Chinese competitions and other activities will be held to improve the recurrence rate of Chinese and Chinese culture in important global media. And Semantic categories are the basis for the generation of functional semantic fields and categorical situations. They are super linguistic and can derive functional semantic fields and categorical situations with the same semantics in different languages. That is, semantic categories are the basis for functional linguistics to achieve cross linguistic research. Being category is a functional semantic category. According to the above research, the expression system of its functional semantic field is multi-level, including both syntactic and lexical levels. Each grammatical level is embodied in different formal means.

With the deepening of political, economic, cultural and other exchanges between China and Russia, Russian, a foreign language, has become the choice of more people in China when learning a foreign language. Although there is a teaching system of taking Russian as a foreign language examination subject from primary school to high school in Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province and other minority areas, more and more college Russian learners are starting from scratch, and only after entering the university do they begin to really contact Russian for systematic learning. However, due to a series of reasons such as short school system, complicated curriculum system and single test form, many problems are inevitably exposed. For example, the students we train can only carry out daily simple Russian dialogue. When communicating with Russians in Russian, students cannot understand the deep cultural semantics of Russian, nor can they express their thoughts in pure Russian. These problems are often caused by overemphasis on the teaching and learning of language competence in the teaching process, and the «language and cultural competence» to improve students’ communicative competence

The cultivation of «power» has not received enough attention. «Linguistic and cultural competence» is a compound word, which includes communicative competence, speech competence, linguistic competence, intercultural communicative competence, etc. In teaching, too much attention is paid to the cultivation of basic language ability, while the combination of language ability and cultural ability is ignored. This has affected the formation and improvement of language and cultural ability, resulting in cross-cultural communication barriers. In other words, students have not learned and formed corresponding communicative competence such as those mentioned above to conduct actual language communication. At present, in linguistics, special attention is paid to the comprehensive learning of foreign languages and national cultures, and the interaction between language and culture plays an increasingly important role in communication. This paper intends to explore the deficiencies of students’ language and cultural competence training in Russian teaching by means of survey sampling and theoretical factor analysis, and then discusses how to solve the problems encountered in the training of language and cultural competence and the acquisition mechanism of language and cultural competence.

For China, building the «the Belt and Road» is an important choice to open up a new foreign economic pattern. To this end, developing the China Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination and constantly deepening China Russia economic cooperation is an important part of building the «the Belt and Road». For Russia, its strategy of «turning to the east» and the implementation of its Eurasian Economic Union strategy are inseparable from the important support of Sino Russian trade. China Russia trade is very important, and we must promote its smooth development. Trade facilitation is a key factor in promoting the smooth development of Sino Russian trade. The realization of Sino Russian trade facilitation must have effective legal protection. This paper studies the legal protection of Sino Russian trade facilitation from the interdisciplinary perspective of law and economy. Based on the international trade theory and the basic theory of international trade law, using the methods of historical analysis, comparative analysis, empirical analysis and normative analysis, this paper analyzes and combs the history and current situation of Sino Russian trade development and the influencing factors of Sino Russian trade relations; Build the evaluation index system of Sino Russian trade facilitation level and conduct empirical evaluation; Analyze the influence mechanism of Sino Russian economic and trade laws on Sino Russian trade facilitation; Finally, it puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to strengthen the legal protection of Sino Russian trade facilitation. China Russia trade has had a good momentum of development, which is the result of a long period of exploration and running in. After the founding of New China, Sino Soviet economic and trade had a good stage of development, but after the 1960s, the trade between the two countries entered a period of stagnation. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, China and Russia took the development of bilateral trade as a priority and actively promoted various economic and trade cooperation. In particular, with the establishment of a comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination between China and Russia, the two countries have a good political basis for developing trade, and the trade relationship has developed in a closer, deeper and broader direction.

The international background of the research can be combed from the historical and practical dimensions. Bringing international trade into the track of rule of law has its historical value and practical significance. It is a main line in the development of international trade.

International trade is an ancient form of economic activity. In different regions of the world, some traces of international trade activities can be found in the long history. The early international trade was based on some international trade practices, which had no strong safeguard system and had no obvious effect in practice. In normal international trade, people can also consciously abide by these practices, but when encountering international trade disputes, these practices are difficult to play an effective role in binding. Therefore, as far as the legal development of international trade is concerned, the relatively formed international trade law is formed with the continuous deepening and expansion of international trade and the gradual involvement of international political relations in economic relations.

The development of international trade must be guaranteed by systems, especially by international trade laws. The First World War, which broke out from the 1870s to the early 20th century, was a period of rapid development of international trade. However, due to the lack of a standardized trade order and corresponding legal protection, the international trade order was in chaos

In order to fight for the dominance of international trade, six imperialist countries fought for each other, even for war, which also became a reason for the outbreak of World War I. After the First World War, countries around the world raised the banner of trade protection and adopted beggar thy neighbor trade policies, which intensified the contradictions among countries and became an incentive to promote the outbreak of the Second World War. This historical lesson triggered profound reflection on the victorious countries. At the end of the Second World War, the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations put forward the idea of worldwide tariff reduction at its first meeting (1946) and established a relevant preparatory committee at the meeting, This Preparatory Committee played an important role in the establishment of the International Trade Organization. At the second meeting of the following year, the Preparatory Committee drafted the draft charter of the International Trade Organization. Later, 23 countries led by the United States signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which is a landmark international trade system building in the evolution of economic globalization since the 16th century, Its core is to promote the free and convenient development of international trade. Under this framework, international trade has embarked on a standardized development path. As an extension of the Agreement, with the rise of the trend of many colonial countries becoming independent and hoping to join the international trade order after World War II, more countries have joined the International Trade Organization or established regional trade facilitation agreements, aiming to promote trade liberalization and facilitation and promote their economic development.

To build a trade facilitation system between China and Russia, we must further expand the consensus reached between the two countries, and translate the consensus into legal provisions, especially the key breakthroughs in strengthening regional legal cooperation; It is necessary to enhance communication and cooperation between the legal circles of China and Russia, and deepen cooperation in legal cultural exchanges, legal personnel training cooperation, legal practice exchange cooperation, legal dispute resolution mechanism construction between the two countries; It is necessary to form a legal path for the international rule cooperation of Sino Russian trade and economic cooperation at the global, regional and national levels to ensure the sustainable development of Sino Russian trade and economic cooperation in the new era; We must build a good environment for the implementation of relevant trade legal systems between and within the two countries to improve the efficiency of law enforcement; We must further sort out the trade legal system between the two countries, build a more consistent and coordinated trade legal system, and establish the credibility.

In the new international economic situation, it is a difficult problem to promote a more open global economy, which requires us to make great efforts. It is a systematic project to open up a new pattern of economic globalization. In order to promote the continuous improvement of this project, we must do a lot of specific and meticulous work. In promoting the construction of the «the Belt and Road», we are bound to encounter various difficulties. To solve these problems, we must strengthen cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road to implement the «five links». Among the countries along the «the Belt and Road», Russia is in a special position. It is not only an important country economically, but also maintains a comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination with China politically. To promote the economic cooperation between China and Russia and increase the volume of trade between the two countries, the two countries need to take it seriously and solve it through cooperation. From the current trade between China and Russia, although the foundation for development is good, the effect of trade is not ideal. The future development must focus on promoting the facilitation of trade between China and Russia, and must speed up the construction of relevant systems, especially legal protection.

Sino Russian trade is a form of bilateral trade. There are countless bilateral trade in world trade, which is an important support for the development of world trade. For a country, bilateral trade is regarded as the basis for the development of foreign trade.

Bilateral trade refers to an economic activity in which the two countries carry out import and export trade with each other. Bilateral trade is usually based on the agreement signed by the two governments and is conducted on the basis of bilateral settlement. In the world trade pattern, bilateral trade occupies a prominent position. According to the statistics of the World Trade Organization, at the beginning of this century

Among the 255 regional trade agreements signed, 90% belong to bilateral free trade agreements. Bilateral free trade agreements have been attached importance by more and more countries, especially by many trading powers. Sino Russian trade is a typical bilateral trade and also a big country trade. China Russia trade is very important in both China and Russia, and has been highly valued by the leaders of the two countries. The definition of Sino Russian trade has not only its economic connotation, but also important political connotation. From an economic perspective, Sino Russian trade is a series of economic activities such as economic cooperation, trade in products and services between China and Russia. From a political perspective, Sino Russian trade is an important basis for the development of comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination between the two major countries. Looking at Sino Russian trade from these two perspectives, there are characteristics different from other bilateral trade, and there are also some trade forms that reflect these characteristics.

1. The development of Sino Russian trade has a good political foundation. Although bilateral trade is a form of trade, it is also deeply affected by political relations. It is hard to imagine that two politically opposed countries can develop good economic relations. Based on their respective positions in world politics and their high recognition of the strategic cooperation between the two countries, China and Russia have laid a good foundation for the development of friendly relations between the two countries in all aspects, so they have good conditions for economic development. At present, the so-called «hot politics but cold economy» phenomenon exists in China Russia relations, but this is a relative statement, that is, economic relations do not occupy a more prominent position in the bilateral economy and trade as political relations do. From another perspective, it also means that the potential of China Russia economic relations is huge, which provides the most important political guarantee for the development of China Russia economic and trade relations.

2. The strong complementarity of trade between China and Russia determines the trade relationship between the two countries. There are many factors, such as division of labor determined by economic structure, differences in resource endowments, product characteristics, geographical relations, etc. The trade between China and Russia is highly complementary because of many economic differences between the two countries. From the perspective of industrial structure, after the reform and opening up, China’s industrial structure has undergone significant changes and has now become a world factory and manufacturing power. The industrial adjustment in Russia after the implementation of the reform is not obvious. The resource-based industry and the heavy industry represented by the military industry still occupy an important position, which is the main support for the development of foreign trade. This difference in industrial structure between China and Russia makes the trade between the two countries highly complementary, which determines the trend of trade and also affects the scale of trade.

3. The border trade between China and Russia has great potential. The border line between China and Russia is very long, which is divided into two parts, 54 kilometers in the west and 4320 kilometers in the east, totaling more than 3400 kilometers. The long border line has provided good conditions for the development of border trade between the two countries. Therefore, in the 1990s, the main form of folk trade between the two countries was cross-border trade. With the smooth and diversified development of Sino Russian trade channels, the further expansion of border trade has been affected to a certain extent. But border trade

The effectiveness of trade determines that both countries must attach importance to the development of border trade. In the construction of the «the Belt and Road» advocated by China, the interconnection and interaction of the China Mongolia Russia Economic Corridor will certainly bring new opportunities to China Russia trade and enable it to prosper and develop again.

4. The trend of trade diversification between China and Russia is more obvious. The great potential of Sino Russian trade is also reflected in the increasingly diversified forms of trade. To develop trade between China and Russia, we should not only focus on the development of commodity trade, but also broaden trade channels. The sound political relationship between China and Russia not only provides good conditions for expanding trade channels between the two countries, but also is an important driving force for economic growth in Asia. With the rapid development of China’s service industry, we should explore the service trade with Russia in the direction of expanding service trade

In addition, technology trade and tourism culture can also be vigorously developed. As there are certain bottlenecks in the commodity trade between China and Russia, in order to make the trade between China and Russia grow rapidly in the short term, we must expand the trade fields between the two countries and open up new trade channels, which will become an important direction for the development of China Russia trade.

Russia’s investment in China from 1992 to 2007 was only about 700 million US dollars. In addition, most of these investments are aimed at fulfilling the old contractual obligations (since the Soviet era): providing 16 generating units for thermal power plants, developing a series of uranium mines, and building a nuclear power plant in Jiangsu Province (eastern central China).

August 2012 Russia’s formal accession to the WTO means that it exerts an open influence on all goods, services and intellectual property trade legislation. Before the adoption of these laws, they must be published at least 30 days in advance for discussion by the participants. All laws affecting trade in goods, trade in services and intellectual property rights will come into force only after they are published — but few people in China study Russian laws. Therefore, it is still difficult to translate relevant laws and regulations of Chinese enterprises in a timely and accurate manner.

At present, the number of Chinese and Russian enterprises conducting economic and trade cooperation is very small, and the production capacity is not high. By the end of 2010, the number of Chinese enterprises registered and approved by the Ministry of Commerce in Russia had reached 772, most of which were small and medium-sized enterprises. By the end of 2010, there were 13 enterprises with import and export volume of more than 100 million dollars and 118 enterprises with import and export volume of more than 10 million dollars in Heilongjiang Province. Heilongjiang Province has 856 investment projects approved by countries in Russia, with a total investment of 2.935 billion US dollars. Due to the financial difficulties in economic cooperation with Russia, the enterprise did not receive the necessary financial support, which seriously affected the development of cooperation with Russia. Many enterprises located in economically developed provinces in southern China, due to their lack of understanding of Russia, have chosen to explore the European and American markets after fully considering capital growth and investment risks.

China and Russia are important components of the international energy structure. Russia is a big oil producing country, while China is a big oil consuming country. Energy is an important part of China Russia relations. If China increases its investment in the energy industry, the prospects will be bright.

New strategic cooperation between Russia and China in the field of resources during the «the Belt and Road» period

In 2013, as China’s new leadership took office, China’s new diplomacy focused on the core stain of global deployment. The «the Belt and Road Economic Belt» (hereinafter referred to as the «the Belt and Road») and the «21st Century Maritime Silk Road» (hereinafter referred to as the «the Belt and Road») are new initiatives to promote cooperation between neighboring China in the new situation, and relations with neighboring countries play a leading role.

The issue of resources occupies an important strategic position in national strategies. From the perspective of the «the Belt and Road», we are promoting China’s future strategic positioning, especially China’s oil and gas geopolitical energy. The energy cooperation between Russia and China has a political and economic trend. China’s diplomatic and military applications. We must fully recognize the «the Belt and Road» strategy and fully understand the way of cooperation between Russia and China in the energy field. And constantly strengthen energy cooperation to promote the coordinated development of China Russia policies and ecology.

In recent years, with the development of international energy supply becoming more complex and rapid, China’s energy demand has become more prominent. Propose important strategic projects for the construction of the «21st Century Maritime Silk Road» and the «Silk Road Economic Belt» ”① This idea is not only an important strategic position of China in the new big peripheral diplomacy, but also plays an important role in guiding the current energy strategic planning. We should take this strategy as an important opportunity to study and actively promote the «the Belt and Road» energy cooperation.

The «the Belt and Road» is composed of the «21st Century Maritime Silk Road» and the «Economic Belt Silk Road».

The «the Belt and Road» is not the subject and mechanism, but the concept of cooperation and development initiatives. Relying on the existing bilateral and multilateral mechanisms between China and relevant countries, and on the basis of existing and improved regional cooperation, we are committed to occupying the historical symbol of the ancient Silk Road, holding high the banner of peace and development, and actively developing economic partnerships with countries along the route. We will build political mutual trust, economic integration, cultural inclusion, common interests, common destiny, and community development. [11]

The world today is undergoing complex and profound changes, and the international financial crisis continues to affect international relations. The recovery of the world economy, the development of international trade, the development of multilateral trade and investment, the brewing of investment rules, and the in-depth development supervision among countries are still complex. China’s «the Belt and Road» supports and opens regional cooperation, and strives to safeguard the global free trade system and open the world economy. Build the «the Belt and Road», promote the orderly and free flow of economic resources, deepen market investment, promote the implementation of economic policy coordination among countries, and achieve a broader vision and a higher level. Strengthen regional cooperation. And jointly establish an open, inclusive, balanced and comprehensive framework for regional economic cooperation. Jointly building the «the Belt and Road» with the common concern of the international community, highlighting common ideals and pursuing a better human society is an active exploration of new models of international cooperation and global governance, which will add new positive energy to world peace and development.

China’s oil and gas reserves are insufficient, and its import mode mostly depends on marine energy channels. With the pace of economic development, China’s oil and gas demand is the most severe.

1. China has a shortage of conventional energy reserves (oil and gas), and the demand for foreign oil and natural gas is even greater. According to the proven reserves data of BP as of 2014, as of the end of 2013, China’s proven oil reserves were 2.5 billion tons, accounting for 1.1% of the world’s proven oil reserves.

The proven reserves of natural gas are 330 billion cubic meters, accounting for 1.5% of the world’s proven reserves. Φ Oil and natural gas resources are very limited, which is insufficient to meet domestic demand. It has been a net oil importer since 1993. China’s oil and gas demand is growing every year. Gradually increase the risk of oil supply security. In 2013, China was highly dependent on foreign oil and natural gas, accounting for 58.1% (oil) and 31.6% (natural gas) respectively, with oil consumption reaching 498 million tons and natural gas consumption reaching 167.6 billion cubic meters, making China the second largest oil and natural gas consumer in the world. It will make our oil and gas supply energy based, and further security issues will pay special attention to:

2. Energy supply faces many variables. The source countries of China’s energy imports include the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa, more than 30 countries and Russia. More than 60% of oil imports come from the Middle East and Africa. Most of these countries have weak signals: domestic political and religious conflicts are deeply influenced by western countries. By the end of 2010, the «revolution» had erupted various internal and external factors affecting the political system, such as economic crisis, geopolitics, religious conflict, etc. China is highly dependent on the oil and gas resources in the region, and its future uncertainty will contribute to the cooperation and policy in the oil and gas field.

The «the Belt and Road» has important energy geopolitical significance.

According to 2014 UK oil and gas reserves statistics, the Middle East accounts for 47.9% and 43.2% of the world’s oil and gas reserves. Russian oil and natural gas account for 5.5% and 16.8% of the world’s reserves. [4]. More than 50% of China’s energy imports come from the Middle East. The «the Belt and Road» strategy can better realize energy cooperation between countries and regions, and make China’s energy imports more extensive and effective.

The «the Belt and Road» strategy is based on the requirements of multiple and non strait transport routes; Russia and Central Asian countries and China’s western and northern borders, highways, railways, especially cooperation between Russia (in the Far East and Siberia), oil and natural gas resources.

The construction of oil and gas cooperation between Russia and China will open a new stage. On the basis of traditional friendship, he established the Silk Road. China’s new energy strategy, the «the Belt and Road», is one of the most strategic energy cooperation. We must consider China’s investment to create a new future of energy cooperation and recognize its huge potential.

With the rapid development of market economy and the impact of democratization, political marketing has begun to flourish. In western countries, the theory of political marketing lags behind the practice of political marketing. Because the previous use of political marketing in political elections has expanded to other areas of public life. Political parties or political candidates adjust information through advertising and marketing through «opinion polls» and other means to obtain the desired results.

This work provides the government with some practical suggestions on how to better provide information and obtain public support through political marketing by reviewing the process of political marketing and analyzing relevant research.

In today’s world, people’s daily life is related to news. Government decisions and international activities are communicated to people through various media at any time. It is precisely because of the developed global communication network that the image and style of political leaders have become an important factor in the success of their policies. Political leaders need to learn theory and develop marketing to communicate more effectively with their citizens and citizens of other countries.

So far, the development of political marketing can be divided into three stages:

The first stage: from 1950s to 1960s. He began to study political marketing. At this stage, political marketing was separated from political sociology, political psychology and political economics after the Second World War. In the 1960s, the first form of political marketing appeared — political lobbying.

The second stage: from the 1970s to the 1980s. The theoretical basis of age political marketing. On the basis of «marketing», «political market» and «political communication» market, «political marketing» theory came into being and found the theoretical basis. At this stage, the influence of rational choice theory and media theory is the most important.

The third stage: from the 1990s to now. The diversification and development stage of political marketing. At this stage, various methods of comparative research and multi beam research in political marketing were affirmed. Political marketing is booming. At the same time, a big step has been taken in some practical operation problems and research.

Political marketing is a young discipline and emerging field. The term «political marketing» first appeared in the book «Professional Public Relations and Political Power» published in 1956.

In 1960, Kennedy and Nixon invited public relations experts during the presidential campaign and won a television debate. This is the beginning of the use of political marketing in academia.

In the process of the development of the concept of political marketing, he experienced such a stage: the concept of managing the party — the concept of products — the concept of marketing. Therefore, the purpose of the company’s marketing activities is also to change the political candidates in the election.

Political marketing appears with the development of market economy and the influence of democratization of modern life. Political marketing is first used in political elections in western countries. For example, during the Nixon campaign and Clinton campaign, there were some applications of political marketing. Therefore, there are many professional political advisers in political marketing. With the development and wide spread of media, political marketing is also developing.

Bruce I. Newman, Philippe Kotler and other authors put forward the definition of political marketing. Political marketing has matured to this day.

The purpose of a political party in an election campaign is to run for a candidate. Until 1952, almost every presidential election in the United States was held in this way.

In the concept of commodities, the political candidates of the party have become the center of the Liberal Party’s company and the center of political concern in Washington. All political parties hope to find a better candidate to represent their party, so as to improve the competitiveness of their party. The election of President Kennedy in 1960.

Political candidates at the marketing concept stage need more media and advertising professionals. It is hoped that advertising experts in the media, television, radio, newspapers and other media can encourage voters to vote. During this period, the campaign shifted from the political party itself to the media and advertising. Nixon was elected President in 1968

In the marketing concept, voters become the focus of election companies. The needs of voters are an important condition for political candidates and electoral groups (programmes). During this period, the number of people from external parties increased. For example, in addition to media experts and advertising experts, there are also strategic experts, sociologists, crisis management experts, etc.

These marketing experts manage daily life and control the entire election company.

It is sometimes difficult to compare the concepts of political marketing, marketing and political propaganda. Political marketing is developed on the basis of marketing. But political marketing is used in the political field. There are overlapping and horizontal relations between political marketing and political propaganda. Therefore, to understand what is political marketing, we must understand the concepts of marketing and political propaganda.

The American Association believes that marketing is one of the most direct and effective ways of communication and provides value to customers. It is a process and function of relationship management, which aims to bring profits (profits) to customers and organizations. Philip Kotler believes that marketing is a social and management process in which individuals or groups meet and demand by creating and exchanging goods and values.

Political marketing is developed from marketing. Therefore, they have necessary connections: first, in terms of marketing methods, both can use the method of market segmentation (regional), market research, market positioning and distribution of commodity trade.

Secondly, in marketing theory and model, political marketing uses the experience of marketing theory and model. Through these experiences, we analyzed the voters, the political environment, etc.

Third, on key issues, marketing, like political marketing, is based on «exchange» (exchange of goods, values or benefits. If there is no exchange, there is no marketing or political marketing.

The development of marketing and political marketing is affected by many aspects of marketing. But they have different concepts, contents and priorities. It can be said that they are similar in appearance, but different inside.

Lock A and Harris P found that «there are seven differences between political marketing and marketing».

This paper analyzes their research and political marketing process, and reveals six differences between political marketing and political marketing:

First, different goals. The purpose of marketing is to obtain profits and profits. The purpose of political marketing is to obtain political interests so that people can support, understand or vote for government policies, and thus obtain political status.

Second, different groups and participants. Marketing involves relevant enterprises and consumer groups, and is limited to enterprises and consumers related to one field. Political marketing involves political marketing personnel, including political parties, countries, political candidates, voters, citizens, etc.

Third, the different nature of the goods. Goods in marketing are usually tangible goods or services. The commodities in political marketing are intangible commodities, mainly including political rules, laws and regulations, promises of elected candidates, etc.

Fourth, different purchase methods. Consumers need to pay the direct or indirect cost of goods. That is, you have to pay for your goods or services. In political marketing, voters only need to vote (for or against or abstain) to support a political organization or political leader. Obviously, voters do not have to spend money.

Fifth, different solutions. In marketing, consumers are individuals. He can ignore other people’s opinions and make his own decisions. Political marketing often needs to adapt to collective decision-making. In other wo Political propaganda is a form of political dissemination that promotes political ideals, and it is also the most directly responsible for the dissemination of politics and the politicization of dissemination. Because it carries the dual mechanism of politics and dissemination. On the one hand, politics has the dual attributes of reality and ideality. Political propaganda is to use the undetermined ideality of politics to guide, inspire, and arouse the audience, and through action, the idealism of politics is continuously transformed into reality. What is an ideal? An ideal is a vision and assumption of the future based on reality but beyond reality, so the ideal cannot be «objectively presented» and «true description» as it is to reality. Political propaganda uses ideals to inspire and draw reality. It is inevitable that the fantasy and utopian elements are unavoidable, «untrue words» that cannot be verified, and «fantasy scenes» that are difficult to come true. On the other hand, from the perspective of communication, the realization of political propaganda for the promotion of political ideals also bears the essence of the «simplified choice» of «promoting uncertainty to certainty». In the face of a vast future, people must always have a choice, and in the face of the appeal of the political ideals overgrown by «ism,» people must always choose the best and follow suit. It is through political propaganda that it is possible for people to achieve alternatives, alternatives, abandonment, and compliance. In this regard, the process of political propaganda is a process of continuous «socialization» of the content of communication and a process of «politicization» of the process of socialization. It is also in this sense that political propaganda is already a basic form that political communication cannot be discarded at any time. Placed in the broad field of vision and framework of political communication, the most profound essence of political propaganda is the continuous construction and maintenance of the legitimacy of specific politics through ideology, which constantly and strongly builds and spreads the political community Existing core political values. The mechanism is: by sending a selective political message to the audience, so that it can obtain certainty in a political uncertainty, and simplify the choice in a complex political environment.

Political communication.

Political communication is a form of political communication that focuses on political operations. When political ideals are transformed into political realities, fundamental changes have taken place in the nature and form of politics. When a specific political ideal is transformed into real politics through political action, the operation of politics requires not only the spiritual level of the constantly evolving new ideals, but also the maintenance of the actual institutional arrangements for real political action. Political communication is considered by us as a form of political communication that is inseparable from political propaganda and focuses on the operational level of real politics. Starting from the real political life, a simple picture of political communication can be divided in two levels: «outside communication» and «inside communication». «Outside communication» refers to the political communication between the ruling party (government) and other parties, and the second refers to the political communication between the «official» and «social» representatives of the ruling party (government); the «internal communication» — Mainly refers to the political communication within the ruling party (government). Generally speaking, the political communication of the election political system focuses on «outside communication». In addition to focusing on political communication between the ruling party and other parties, political communication between the «official» representatives of the ruling party and the society is relatively well developed and smooth. Relatively speaking, in countries lacking political campaigns, political communication has not completely deviated from the concept and track of political propaganda, mainly through leadership and supervision processes, that is, the ruling party (government) promotes political communication by leading the entire political process, Democratic parties promote political communication through supervision based on consultation. The political communication in the actual political operation focuses on the decision-making process in the specific political operation (administration), so it is necessary to sink from the level of political ideals to the level of political institutional arrangements. Its goal is to pass the specific political information in two or even multiple directions. The process of multiple flows has sought political consensus for various decisions.

Political propaganda and political communication.

Political propaganda implies the control of political information by the «political propaganda subject» in the political system, which means that in political life. There is a clear «host-guest» distinction between the political propaganda subject and the propaganda object. However, Political communication surpasses or downplays this «subject-object» distinction, weakens the strength of the «will to push» the subject to the object in political propaganda. Political communication focuses on the «ditch» and «communication» in political operations and administrative decision-making. «Ditch» as a verb means the communicator’s initiative, and «tong» as an adverb means the receiver’s reaction status. Therefore, political communication shows the «feedback interaction» of the flow of political information between the communication subject and the communication object «mechanism. Political communication realizes a virtuous cycle of political information throughout the political field through the «output-feedback» mechanism. In terms of logical evolution, the «feedback interaction mechanism» is the specificization of political communication in political operation and corresponding administrative decision-making, and is the political dissemination at the spatial level, extending and expanding from politics to corresponding administration. In this process of extension and expansion, compared with political propaganda, political communication has changed the position of political information in political operations-political information has faded some possible subjective, abstract, and grandiose of political ideals in political propaganda. Even the «false» form carries political reality more concretely and directly. Therefore, political communication has both «quantitative» and «qualitative» detectability. «Quantity» refers to whether the political information that should enter the communication process is true and complete; «Quality» refers to whether the political information is unobstructed, whether it has received timely and «missing» feedback, and whether such feedback has produced political decisions Positive effect. This quality of political communication is the result of the progress of political civilization in the democratization of human politics and the result of the joint efforts and pursuit of various political systems. It is in this sense that political communication has become a new paradigm and a new ability to describe and explain the behavior of political communication. It can also be seen as the transfer of political communication from a «single push» to a «beneficial interaction». This new form, in turn, allows us to examine modern political life and the corresponding political communication from different perspectives, that is, the core concept of political life-the realization of the basis and expression of «power» has taken place substantially Change: It no longer appears in mandatory forms such as order or even forced indoctrination, but is replaced by democratic decision-making based on the reception and processing of information to some extent and to some extent.

Compared with political propaganda, political communication and political marketing lower the «body» of the main body of communication in political communication, and remove the subjective and possible illusory color of political information in political propaganda, so that political communication The process is more objective, scientific and flat. However, political communication presupposes a very democratic and civilized modern political operation process. It presupposes that communication subjects and communication objects obtain equal status in political activities and political life. However, in real politics, democracy in modern political operation means the existence of multiple political subjects and multiple political demands in the political ecology. In democratic politics, «who» can become the leader of political communication, «who» is the main body of political communication, and «who» is the «meta-generator» and «meta-sender» of political information. The decision to compete for political power and political resources means intense political competition or political elections. With the advent of the information age, the rapid development of modern communication technologies, the independent role of capital in political communication, and the ever-changing and renewed modern marketing tools, political and political marketing will appear along with the political communication process. The peculiarity of political marketing is to presuppose the political system and political ecology as the «market» in theory, and then follow the principle of equivalence to seek political value through exchange in this market. Driven by the desire to obtain equivalent benefits, the political information elaborated by the «marketing subject» is easily accepted and recognized. If it is said that in the aforementioned political propaganda, the communication relationship is «subject-object» dependent, and in political communication, the «subject-subject» equality of the communication relationship, then, in political marketing, the political communication subject The elaborate design of «political products» has integrated the wishes of the subject and the needs of the audience. If, in political communication, the communication subject’s desires and needs for communication objects are still vague, then in political marketing, the «political product» that combines the wishes and interests of the subject and object is clear and specific.

The opportunities and challenges of policy marketing in the application of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts.

The challenges posed by the closure of the urban neighborhood project decision.

The decision of the current neighbor avoidance project follows the model of «making a project-government announcement-government defense». In the initial stage of site selection for the neighbor avoidance project, government officials, experts in the system and other policy subjects make closed decisions, autonomously determine the «best location» of the neighbor avoidance project, and then announce the decision to the public. After a large-scale boycott by the local public, the local government defended it. This closed decision-making model has a significant «internal input» nature. The «internal input» nature of the decision-making model is dominated by policy makers and public power occupants, and policy subjects drive social operations and government activities, monopolizing the entire The political resources of society dominate the decision-making of social public affairs, and directly replace the public participation agenda with a political agenda. This closed decision-making model with the «internal input» nature has led to the fracture of the social structure at the vertical level and the fragmentation of the social structure at the horizontal level. [1] While policy marketing is a marketing action for policy products, the nature and quality of policy products are closely related to the input of policy needs. From this point of view, the fragmentation and fragmentation of the social structure are not conducive to the smooth implementation of policy marketing.

The challenges brought about by the unreasonable policy network structure of urban alienation projects.

In a well-structured policy network, there will be a good cooperative interaction between policy stakeholders, which is conducive to the smooth implementation of policy marketing. In the urban neighbor avoidance project policy network, policy stakeholders include the government, the public, neighbor avoidance project operators, research institutions, and non-profit organizations. However, judging from the frequent urban neighbour avoidance incidents in recent years, local governments at all levels still play an absolute leading role in the policy formulation and implementation of neighbour avoidance projects. Under the leadership of the government, people from government-run scientific research institutions and systems are hired to conduct project feasibility studies. The public participation is in the form of non-profit organizations, and the opportunities for non-profit organizations to participate are lacking. The official media monopolizes the release of information. Therefore, there are significant irrationality in the participants, forms, opportunities and channels of the policy network. The smooth implementation of policy marketing requires common value, resource dependence, and discourse sharing among policy participants. It can be seen that the unreasonably structured policy network formed under the leadership of the government is not conducive to the policy marketing of urban neighbor avoidance projects.

The challenges posed by the scarcity of entrepreneurs in urban neglect project policies.

Eugene Lewis (Eugene Lewis) believes that policy entrepreneurs are those who «change the existing way of allocating public resources by organizing and using the power of the community» [2]. Whether these people are in the internal market of public policy or external market, they are known for their innovative spirit. They are both advocates of urban evasion project policy issues and promoters of policy innovation, as well as actual participants and leaders of policy marketing. With their own influence, policy entrepreneurs play a huge role in the policy marketing process of urban neighbor avoidance projects. However, because public organizations place too much emphasis on procedural and stability, risk and trial and error are discouraged; there is a lack of incentives and a personnel promotion system dominated by superior departments (subordinates are only interested in matters that the superiors pay attention to, which hinders the subordinates from policy marketing Enthusiasm) and other reasons, leading to the scarcity of policy entrepreneurs in the process of urban neighbor avoidance projects, which is not conducive to the implementation of policy marketing in urban neighbor avoidance projects. Fourth, urban neighbors avoid challenges brought by the «rigid stability» governance thinking. As a kind of social struggle, urban neighbor avoidance conflicts can easily lead to mass incidents such as traveling and meditation, endangering urban public safety and social stability. In order to reduce the negative impact of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts, governments at all levels often adopt over-absolute and simplified governance methods, and use all kinds of public resources at their disposal to control urban neighbor avoidance conflicts at no cost, thus forming a " «Rigid maintenance» governance model. Rigid maintenance is based on exclusive and closed state power [3], which can be achieved through top-down political pressure, administrative responsibility decomposition mechanism, and hierarchical maintenance performance evaluation methods. This rigid stability realization mechanism is easy to cause the policy marketing subjects of the neighbor avoidance project to turn their attention to the higher level government, triggering the disconnection of policy marketing products from the local public demand and eroding the social nature of the policy. At the same time, because the policy marketing of the avoidance project is limited to the internal market of the government, it is easy to alienate external customers, which arouses the public’s indifference and rejection of the policy marketing of the avoidance project.

Urban neighbor conflict avoidance improvement strategy based on policy marketing application

Change the decision-making model to realize the openness and transparency of the decision-making of the urban neighboring project. The closure of the decision-making of the urban neighboring project causes the fracture and fragmentation of the social structure, which is not conducive to the smooth implementation of policy marketing. The city ’s decision-making model for neighbourhood avoidance was transformed. Change The decision-making model requires both institutional and institutional changes. First of all, from the perspective of the decision-making system, in the current decision-making of urban neighbor avoidance projects, the relationship between superiors and subordinates is a relationship between project outsourcing and contracting, but the rights and responsibilities between contractors and contractors are seriously not symmetry. The contractor has the decision-making power, and the contractor assumes responsibility, and the rights and responsibilities are misaligned. Changing the decision-making model First of all, we need to change this decision-making system, redefine the relationship between each other according to the amount of decision-making resources held by each organization, and determine their respective rights and responsibilities. In particular, it is necessary to accurately define the rights and responsibilities between different levels of government, and then in the process of policy marketing to clarify the main rights and responsibilities between different levels of government, and strengthen the awareness of the main responsibility of policy marketing. The lower-level government has the decision-making power and execution power of the neighbor avoidance project, so it will better implement policy marketing and reduce the occurrence of neighbor avoidance conflicts. Secondly, from the perspective of the decision-making mechanism, in order to better realize the openness and transparency of the decision-making of urban neighbor avoidance projects, one must establish and improve an open and transparent information release mechanism, based on multi-party platforms, regularly publish information to inform the society of neighbor avoidance projects The specific situation; Second, we need to establish a consultation and dialogue mechanism, through democratic talks, symposiums, press conferences, hearings, and online platforms, etc., to conduct open consultation and dialogue with the parties involved in the policy of the neighbor avoidance project, to promote the decision-makers of the neighbor avoidance project, Construction parties, operators, media parties, non-profit third parties, local public and other stakeholders consult and dialogue to ensure the comprehensiveness and representativeness of the participants and realize the openness and transparency of the decision-making of the city’s avoidance projects. At the same time, we must use modern communication technology to carry out policy marketing, and use the government’s official website, WeChat public account, and government affairs Weibo to release the authoritative decision-making information that the public urgently needs, so as to realize the openness and transparency of urban neighbourhood project decisions.

Optimize the policy network and realize the standardization and flexibility of the urban neighbor avoidance project policy network Domestic scholars Tan Chong and Yan Qiang studied the relationship between the policy network and policy tools from the perspective of «structure-results» As long as there is a policy network in China, it will definitely affect the policy process and policy results. The policy network not only constructs and shapes policy tools, but also determines the choice of policy tools. [4] From this point of view, as a policy tool for policy marketing, its application effect is closely related to the structure of the policy network. In view of the unreasonable status of the policy network structure of urban evasion projects in China, the policy network should be optimized based on the consideration of the realization requirements of policy networks such as resource dependence, common value, and shared discourse [5]. Effectiveness in project policy. First, it is necessary to reconstruct the policy network of agenda-oriented urban neighbor avoidance projects. Based on the need to avoid policy issues rather than their own preferences, local governments should broaden the channels of participation and adjust the way in which policy resources are allocated, effectively absorb the participation of multiple subjects in the policy network, and strive to increase the breadth and depth of participation of multiple subjects. Secondly, it is necessary to standardize the local government’s decision-making behavior of avoidance projects. Restrict the local government’s own profit-making behavior, ensure its public welfare and neutrality in the decision-making of urban neighbor avoidance projects, differentiate its degree of connection with the interests of neighbor avoidance project operators, and curb the possibility of government corruption from the root cause. Thirdly, it is necessary to standardize the multi-participation system of urban neighbor avoidance project decision-making. By setting scientific selection, voting and voting standards, stakeholders, especially vulnerable groups, can participate in decision-making and reduce the avoidance of neighboring project operators from imposing their own preferences to avoid risk of project decision.

Improve the evaluation mechanism and cultivate policy entrepreneurs who are both charitable and enterprising. Policy entrepreneurs play a very important role in the policy marketing process. Zhu Yapeng and others believe that policy entrepreneurs generally have the will and ability to assume social responsibilities, professional knowledge and innovative spirit, excellent management and leadership skills, are critical thinkers, and have the ability to participate in the promotion of public policy innovation programs and can Successfully maintain other qualities. [6] It is these characteristics that make policy entrepreneurs play the role of promoter, executor, and leader in the policy marketing process of urban evasion projects. However, in the decision-making process of urban neglect projects, due to the lack of natural incentives in the public sector and the deviation of performance evaluation guidance, policy entrepreneurs are scarce. This requires perfecting the assessment and incentive mechanism, and cultivating policy entrepreneurs who are both charitable and innovative. In the promotion of civil servants, it is necessary to break the traditional promotion mechanism for public officials based on economic construction, so that civil servants, especially leaders, have sufficient motivation to carry out policy marketing; in the evaluation of civil servants, it is necessary to look at the foundation and development. Look at the performance and potential performance, and take social progress, ecological civilization and improvement of people’s livelihood as the main content of the civil service evaluation; in the main body of the civil service evaluation, it is necessary to strengthen the diversification of the evaluation main body, not only to pay attention to the evaluation of superior leaders, but also The introduction of «customer» assessment should also include people’s congress representatives, non-profit organizations, and news media in the assessment system, build a multi-assessment mechanism oriented to serve «customers», and guide government leaders when formulating urban avoidance project policies Proactively communicate with multiple assessment subjects and conduct policy marketing; in the aspect of civil service assessment principles, we must adhere to both stability and flexibility, emphasizing the encouragement of various forms of innovation in the case of completing work tasks, and enabling capable policy entrepreneurs Boldly innovate on public policies and policy mobilization mechanisms.

Change the governance concept and achieve the resilience and rule of law of urban neighbor conflict prevention The current «rigid maintenance» neighbor conflict avoidance governance model relies on top-down political mobilization and administrative authority, triggering policy marketing products and locations The disconnection of public demand has caused the public’s indifference and repulsive attitude, which has caused obstacles to the smooth implementation of policy marketing. The «rigid maintenance» of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts emphasizes that «getting done is stability, nothing is the ability, fairness is level, and compromise is harmony» [27] (PP. 94—95), making China ’s governance of neighbor avoidance conflicts into a strange circle, That is to say, governments at all levels have invested a lot of resources in the management of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts, but urban neighbor avoidance conflicts still occur frequently. In a sense, urban neighbor avoidance conflicts fall into a vicious circle of «more stability and more instability». This requires a change in the «rigid» governance philosophy.

The toughness and rule of law of urban conflict avoidance governance are now in place. To achieve resilience in the governance of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts, it is necessary to realize that rigidity is easy to break, and toughness is the long-term rule for resolving urban neighbor avoidance conflicts. First of all, it is necessary to carefully formulate the policy of the neighbor avoidance project under the guidance of the innovative, green, coordinated, open, and shared development concept advocated. Second, it is necessary to recognize the nature of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts, recognize that urban neighbor avoidance incidents are issues of people’s livelihood, and are issues related to the vital interests of the public, and treat urban neighbor avoidance conflicts scientifically. Thirdly, it is necessary to establish a scientific guarantee mechanism for the conflict avoidance and stability maintenance system. Establish a sound interest appeal system for the stakeholders of the avoidance project, and provide a platform for stakeholders to express their interests, so that reasonable interest claims can be expressed; establish a fair interest coordination mechanism, adjust the interest structure, and reduce the interests of the avoidance project Sense of injustice among the people; establish a scientific and multi-participation neighbour conflict avoidance mechanism to resolve urban neighbor avoidance conflicts in the initial stage and reduce their corresponding harmfulness. To realize the rule of law in the governance of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts, it is necessary to strengthen the concept of the rule of law that is supreme to the law. The concept of rule of law must be adhered to in all stages of the decision-making, formulation, implementation and evaluation of urban neighbor avoidance projects. We must adhere to the concept of the rule of law. At the same time, it is necessary to highlight the democratic foundation of the rule of law and the rights-based characteristics of the stakeholders who avoid decision-making, and pursue the bottom line thinking of the rule of law, so that «the law cannot be done without authorization».

Sixthly, the degree of achieving the goals is different. Marketing can easily build a business. Usually, both parties can make a profit. In political marketing, trading is not easy. Especially when it is necessary to establish a new political party, this is a very difficult task.

Now there are many new concepts in marketing, such as service, idea, etc. However, in political marketing, there are still many concepts not included in marketing, such as «political party and administrative preference», «conflict», etc.

Political marketing Target public recognition, voter support, etc. economic performance what groups do the government, political parties, political candidates, the public, enterprises and consumers belong to Intangible products (political rules, legal rights, concepts and concepts). No cash fee is required for transaction mode Solutions must adapt to collective solutions Achieve goals, win everything, and achieve mutual benefit.

The purpose of publicity is not only to provide objective facts, but also to influence people’s views in order to obtain support or opposition.

There are indeed many similarities between political propaganda and political marketing: first, they need special propaganda groups or experts to express their political views. Second, both need media support to help and maintain publicity. Third, they face information problems (delivery and reception), and publicity or marketing provides information for people. Therefore, publicity and marketing are both information transmission processes.

There are also differences between political marketing and political propaganda: first, the process is different: although both need to transmit information to the society, political propaganda will only transmit information to the society. Political marketing has a two-way connection — information transmission and feedback. In other words, political marketing also needs to know whether the public supports it.

Second, different starting points. Taking political propaganda as the starting point, the manufacturer, the government and the political party express their opinions. There is no need to consider people’s opinions, needs and preferences. Political marketing needs to communicate with the people in order to formulate appropriate strategies based on the opinions of voters and citizens.

Third, different means of communication. Political propaganda often uses administrative means to influence the public. Political marketing uses such marketing tools as radio, newspapers, television and the Internet.

Fourth, different time frames. Usually, the results can be seen through long-term political propaganda. Political marketing often needs to see results faster. For example, in elections, the results of political marketing will be received within one day.

From the perspective of political marketing, it is not difficult to see that it has a certain political purpose. Its main approach is marketing — the process between political marketing groups and political consumers. On this basis, we can summarize several main features of political marketing:

First, achieve political goals.

Second, the market approach, because although political marketing is different from marketing in achieving political goals, it must follow the law that marketing is equal to exchange and use value, This excludes commercial activities (such as public relations, media, publicity, mobilization, etc.). The force of law and coercive means cannot interfere in these processes in order to achieve political goals.

Third, the interaction process. Political marketers often obtain support from political consumers through political products. Political consumers express their political views (choices, actions) to obtain corresponding benefits. This is a bilateral transaction, not a unilateral sale. Both parties are on equal terms. Show interest in the communication process. Among them, the interests of consumers are the first priority of political marketing.

Fourth, the laws and regulations in the operation specification. As a professional activity, political marketing will inevitably encounter multiple temptations in the process. Such as money, fame, status, etc, Can stop his own activities. Therefore, political marketing needs appropriate laws and regulations to ensure the continuity of the process.

Philip Kotler divided political marketing into three stages: environmental analysis, strategic planning and strategic implementation.

We will consider this model by establishing a political marketing theoretical model.

Political marketing environment includes macro environment, micro environment and political consumer analysis in market research.

The microenvironment often tells marketers what politicians can do to achieve the necessary goals and values. The macro environment tells us what marketers can do. The analysis of micro environment and macro environment is very important. Because this is a prerequisite and the first step to solving political problems.

Macroeconomic environment analysis and micro environment analysis are often essential. For example, political candidates want to know their position in the political competition and must study their environment among supporters, opponents and neutral citizens in order to further influence their opinions.

The macro environment is the factor that develops and maintains the external environment between the marketing organization and its target customers. From this perspective, the macro environment is very important for political marketing.

Political organizations are developing, providing opportunities and threats for large-scale trends. These factors are usually difficult to control, and marketing personnel need to adapt to them, pay attention to the characteristics of the external environment, and keep consistent with the mainstream trend.

Political marketing always serves a specific political purpose, with obvious political nature (characteristics). The macro environment of political marketing can be analyzed from four aspects: first, the political environment, including the national political system, the party system, the electoral system, the legal system, etc. The activity of political marketing is to achieve dynamic balance with each element to establish and obtain social support.

Second, the economic environment. It includes the development of social productive forces and interconnected economic systems. The productive forces determine the relations of production. The economic environment is more fundamental than the political environment.

Third, social and cultural environment. Including historical tradition, nationality, religion, ideology and culture. They reflect the behaviour and values of the State. They can reduce capacity and improve the efficiency of policy marketing.

Fourth, the international environment. With the development of globalization, national politics has been difficult to get rid of the international community. The international environment has also become an inevitable factor in political marketing.

Obama’s election to the presidency of the United States is the result of successful political marketing. When Obama participated in the election, problems that affected the macroeconomic environment of political marketing emerged (American electoral system, financial crisis, health care issues and ST).

Obama’s election to the presidency of the United States is the result of successful political marketing. When Obama participated in the election, problems affecting the macroeconomic environment of political marketing emerged (American electoral system, financial crisis, medical and insurance issues, Iraq war, etc.).

Political marketing will inevitably be affected by various microeconomic factors. The micro environment of political marketing is the competitive relationship and structure of internal political organizations and political markets. The purpose of political marketing is to gain the support and recognition of the people, establish a good relationship with the people, cooperate in teams, and integrate external resources. The micro environment of political marketing can be divided into several types:

1. Internal unity and synergy between leaders and members of political organizations. This directly affects the effectiveness of organizational behavior and political marketing. In many western countries, no matter the election management at all levels or the election of parliamentarians, political parties must first solve the problem of internal nomination. In the electoral process, political organizations must reach internal consensus and unity. This is obvious not only in by elections, but also in China. The election of each Chinese leaders’ meeting is accompanied by the corresponding leadership renewal, organizational cohesion and synergy.

2. Followers of social and political organizations and political leaders. These followers are leaders’ «lanterns». Western election marketing often has social followers who voluntarily provide financial, personal and material support for political organizations and their leaders to help political candidates win elections.

Social groups and public resource markets. As a public standard, they deserve attention. For example, social groups can be: environmental protection, consumer protection, social welfare and other fields.

4. Special interest groups. This means that, on the basis of one or more relationships, certain requirements are put forward to other groups in the society to establish, maintain or encourage cooperation of certain behavior patterns, such as religious interests, workers’ interests, women’s interests, etc, For example, the National Rifle Association of the United States strongly opposes the compulsory control and protection of the right to hold guns. Although they have only one goal, they need to focus their efforts and mobilize the maximum efforts and resources to achieve their goals.

5. Most people in society. Voters in election marketing, people in national marketing and social life, and audiences in the media are all targets of political marketing. The main purpose of political marketing is to gain the recognition and support of society and people. Therefore, the main task of political marketing is to understand the direction of the country’s political society (what you like), guide the political opinions of the society, and integrate the political opinions of the society. Whether in the West or in the East, in order to achieve their political goals, we must first obtain the support of the people.

6. Political competitors Competition policy is a prerequisite for political marketing. Because competition exists, so does political marketing. Otherwise (there is no competition), it is just political propaganda or public relations. In Western selective marketing, competitors are very clear — that is, they are other political candidates. For example, McCain is the main opponent of President Obama’s campaign. Therefore, it is essential to understand McCain’s strategy and propose his own strategy.

The purpose of political marketing is to gain the recognition and support of political consumers. Therefore, the success of political marketing depends on the behavior of political consumers. The analysis of macro environment and micro environment in this paper aims to better evaluate the political behavior of consumers, so as to make correct policy and strategic choices for the victory of government marketing.

But the behavior of political consumers is not easy. People are different, so are political consumers. In terms of political interests, people are good at hiding their inner thoughts, and they can change their thoughts even at the last moment. Therefore, it is difficult for political marketing personnel to understand and manage POVE.

However, from the perspective of social psychology, we can determine the laws of consumer political behavior by studying the factors that affect consumer behavior. Generally speaking, social status, culture and psychology are the main factors affecting social and political consumer behavior. Socio economic status is one of the most critical factors, including:

First, pursue the best interests. Political consumers only choose one direction (political products), because it is related to their own interests. This is an internal impulse, which comes from the «heart».

Second, socio-economic status. Different social groups and consumers have different political behaviors. They are very interested in the problems in their own fields, and they are not very active for others.

Third, religious and ideological preferences. In the mainstream religion, religion affects people’s political behavior. In a region where religion is not so strong, people’s values and attitudes dominate. Therefore, both religion and ideology directly affect the political behavior of consumers.

Fourth, social and cultural orientation. This is more important for short-term political marketing. For example, more in-depth marketing research is needed in selective marketing and marketing crisis.

Fifth, of course, in addition to the individual political behavior of consumers, the political behavior of organizations also exists. An organization is made up of people. Therefore, the organization also depends on these factors. In organizations, leaders’ opinions often play an important role. Therefore, it is equally important to accurately analyze the political behavior of consumer organizations for the study of consumer political behavior.

To study political consumption behavior and individuals and organizations, we must start with information. Especially under the condition of modern information technology, the information management of political marketing will affect people. Information research makes political marketing more effective. No matter the previous political marketing activities or the launch of political products (products), even after all political marketing activities, the establishment of political systems and effective marketing research are the basis of modern political marketing.

There are many forms of political behavior research: traditional «street survey» methods can be used, questionnaires can be conducted within the organization, and various indirect information resources can be used. In addition, Mono uses experimental results and public opinion survey results.

The development of modern information technology, especially the spread of Internet technology, enables marketing managers and strategies to describe, explain and predict people’s needs and make better decisions through information management.

In recent years, some professional public opinion survey organizations and think tanks have become increasingly popular. Investigation marketing has become an important part of political marketing.

In every election period in western countries, people will notice many new information survey organizations every day. Timely determine the political and activity changes of candidates for election. Even the candidate’s private life will be broadcast on the news channel. Obviously, the political marketing information management system is very important for the selection of political elections today, and more importantly in the future.

Strategic planning is the overall policy plan of marketing in the whole process. The realization of the goal of political marketing depends on good planning and strategic system. The environment faced by political marketing is not completely uniform, but complex and diverse (that is, it requires not only publicity information, but also people’s feedback). People have different views, but the resources and strength of political marketing personnel are limited, and it is impossible to meet all needs. Therefore, when it is necessary to adopt strategies and plans, marketing personnel usually separate market supervision to select the best marketing target industry.

The term «strategy» was originally used in the military. Later, it was used to manage the company.

In our era, society participates in democracy, strategic planning, analysis of various factors, and participation in a strong marketing war. If we use marketing in politics, we can win political victory.

From conception to strategic planning, results will emerge. Political orders recognize consumers and strengthen political support. Political campaigns must have a strategic plan and develop it.

This paper discusses market segmentation, target definition, political position and strategic combination from four aspects.

No matter what kind of market segmentation policy standards, certain principles should be followed to select market segments and regions).

Bruce I, Newman proposed three main principles of political marketing in specific market areas:

First, the principle of sufficient quantity. That is to say, when choosing a market segment, we must ensure that there are enough products and have political influence. For example, whether it is the Rockefeller family or the Bush family’s American family, they can influence American politics and have a significant impact.

Second, the principle of measurability. This refers to market segments. We need statistics on the number of political consumers. If you only know the general political significance, there is no specific data, or even no real person. This segment is meaningless. Because without goals, action cannot succeed.

Third, the principle of contact. A market segment needs to express its political views, such as through the media or other ways, in order to influence people.

In fact, in real political life, people always have influence through a variety of factors. It is not easy to determine which factor is dominant (main), but we can firmly grasp the requirements of the goal and the basic strategies in various fields, so it is not difficult to achieve certain political goals.

In the process of political marketing, people may feel that they are part of this strategy.

In marketing, «4PS» refers to four interrelated marketing elements: production, price, place and promotion. Bruce I Newman believes that political marketing also has «4PS»: Production, Price, Place and Promotion. On this basis, some authors believe that there is «5PS»: all the above factors and «public relations».

In any case, the plan has a main objective based on the political marketing strategic planning process. Understand the structure of political consumer demand, and transform political products into actual products through a series of marketing strategies, so that these products can be recognized and supported by consumers politically.

Once the policy marketing strategy or plan is formulated, it is equally important to implement them. At this stage, various tactical marketing tools should be used to meet the requirements of achieving the set goals in practice. It includes tools such as product strategy, binary strategy, survey, advertising and marketing strategy.

Once the strategy has been formulated, a plan for further implementation of the strategy should be formulated in as much detail as possible.

The implementation of this strategy involves many aspects: leadership, internal and external coordination, media, interpersonal communication, which is a complex process of integrated marketing and political communication.

Political marketing is not omnipotent, because it depends on external conditions, strategic planning, strategic implementation and a series of subjective and objective conditions.

In the fierce competition, no one can guarantee that their goals will be achieved. Feedback is usually a summary of the evaluation results of the marketing team center. Then adjust the selected strategy, quickly correct the weaknesses, and then conduct necessary analysis and summary.

HARBIN, June 14 (Xinhua) — The trade volume between China and Russia is expected to hit 100 billion U.S. dollars in 2014, a year ahead of the target set by leaders from the two countries, a Russian trade representative forecast Friday.

«The goal of reaching 100 billion U.S. dollars in bilateral trade volume by 2015 is completely within reach and is expected to be realized in 2014 despite the downturn in the first quarter,» said Sergey Tsyplakov, trade representative of the Russian Federation in China.

The trade volume between the two countries dropped by 3.9 percent to 20.675 billion U.S. dollars in the first quarter, according to customs data.

«The decrease was due to the price decline of international commodities,» Tsyplakov said at the 24th China Harbin International Economic and Trade Fair, which opened on Friday night.

As we all know, English is one of important language in this world. If we can not speak English even a little bit, we are called as a very poor in this community. We also can not improve our life we are bad in English. Nowadays English is an international language of human speech, either spoken or written all over the world.language itself is the most common system of cummunication which allows people to talk to each other and to write their thoughts and ideas.

So I writed this dissertation in English. Of course trade between Russia and China is very important, Because China is currently Russia’s largest trading partner, with the trade volume between the two countries reaching 88.16 billion U.S. dollars in 2012.

Russia has a wealth of natural resources.  It is the leading producer of natural gas and the second producer of oil in the world, as well as being one of the main producers and exporters of diamonds, nickel and platinum.

Despite its surface area, Russia has a relatively small amount of land suitable for agriculture because of unfavorable climatic conditions.  The country nevertheless owns 10% of the global agricultural lands.  The northern regions of the country concentrate mainly on livestock and the southern regions as well as western Siberia produce cereals.

Industry represents more than a third of Russia's GDP and employs up to 30% of the population.  The country inherited most of the Soviet Union's industrial bases.  The most well developed sectors are chemicals, metallurgy, mechanical construction and defense sectors.

The service sector employs more than 60% of the population and generates slightly under 60% of the GDP.  After the 1998 financial crises, the banking sector has not yet undergone a complete restructuring.  Given the size of the country, the transport, communications and also trade sectors are particularly significant.

Russia was hit hard by the international financial crisis and in 2009 reached a record recession since the fall of the Soviet block (-7.9%).  The recovery in 2010 was strong (4% growth according to estimates), driven by fuel exports and domestic demand stimulated by the increase in salaries.  Growth should continue to strengthen in 2011-2012.

Economic recovery justifies the end of exceptional measures to combat the crisis.  The government's priority, announced as part of a Five Year Plan, is to support the agricultural sector in order to achieve food self-sufficiency.  In order to free itself of its dependency on hydrocarbons, a change of the economic model is imperative.  Tax reductions have been planned for the next few years, in order to favor the diversification of the economy through investment while, regaining some balance.  A stabilization fund has been set up to modernize infrastructures, the education and health systems, as well as agriculture.  Cuts in public spending and a strengthening of the supervision of the banking system are also planned.  The main threats to growth are linked to controlling inflation, which remains high and in the long term, to the drop in population.

The unemployment rate, which dropped in the recent years, has risen as an effect of the crisis and is now estimated at 7.5% for 2010.  Disparities are still marked, particularly between big cities and rural areas.  Despite the appearance in towns of a middle class, the poverty rate is still at 16%.

Even though FDI flow increased considerably at the beginning of the millennium years (tripled between 2002 and 2007), its level (1.5% of the GDP) remains relatively low in terms of growth of the country and of the Russian economy's potential.  They dried up due to the global crisis and have been recovering slowly since 2010.  This trend should continue.

The low FDI performance reflects an investment climate which is still widely perceived as unfavorable abroad.  Although, over the last few years, Russia has implemented positive economic reforms, the state's administrative problems and the uncertainties of the rule of law remain significant.

The establishment of investment assistance in Russia is still in its infancy, despite many declarations of intent.  The government prefers to improve the general investment climate by tax reductions and economic reforms.

Since May 2008, majority foreign ownership is subject to authorization in many sectors, particularly those linked to raw materials, heavy industry and aerospace.

Along with the advancement globalization and Chia's WTO entry,bussiness enterprises in Chhina have to face more and more business negotiations with foreign enterprises,especially with Russia enterprises.

China has a highly diversified economy, dominated by the manufacturing and agricultural sectors.

The agricultural sector employs almost 40% of the active population and contributes up to about 10% to the GDP, although only 15% of the Chinese soil (about 1.2 M km ˛) is arable.  China is the most populated country in the world and one of the largest producers and consumers of agricultural produce.  China is the leading global producer of cereals, rice, cotton, potatoes and tea.  In terms of livestock, it also dominates sheep and pork livestock farming and the world's production of fish products.

The mining sector occupies an important place in the Chinese economy, since the country's subsoil is rich in energetic resources.  China has significant coal reserves (the country's primary energy source), which account for two-thirds of the total primary energy consumption.  It is the world leader in the production of certain ores (phosphate and titanium) and also has significant petrol and natural gas reserves.  It is the world's fifth biggest oil producer with 3.8 million barrels a year.

The industry and the construction sectors contribute approximately half of China's GDP.  China has become one of the preferred destinations for the relocation of global manufacturing units because of a cheap labor market, even though the cost of labor has been increasing.  China's economic development has coincided primarily with the development of a competitive and outward-oriented manufacturing sector.

More than half of the Chinese exports are made by companies with foreign capital.  Their share in the sector's added-value varies according to the sector: more than 60% for electronics and less than 20% for the majority of producer goods.  The Government sector still contributes approximately 40% to the GDP.

The services sector has not progressed, encumbered by public monopolies and restrictive regulations.  The tertiary sector's share has remained at nearly a third of the GDP in the last 15 years

Chinese economy is driven by investment and domestic consumption, which is itself boosted by the increase in salaries and the new housing policy.  In order to avoid the overheating of the economy, the government has announced new measures to fight inflation and to stabilize prices of basic agricultural commodities.  Among Beijing's priorities are also: infrastructure, industry modernization, opening the country to new technologies, healthcare, education and support for the countryside.

A large gap remains between the living standard of the cities and the countryside, between urban zones on the Chinese coast and the interior and western parts of the country, as well as between the urban middle classes and those who have not been able to profit from the growth.  These inequalities are becoming increasingly worrisome for both the Chinese authorities and the investors.  Although poverty has largely decreased in China, almost 10% of the population, ie more than 120 million

people, continue to live on less than 1 USD a day. China and Russia’s border trade from 1689’s «China and Russia, cloth chu

treaty, has been 300 years of history. Bilateral trade in the first five months of this year has been growing steadily, with an increase of 20 percent year on year, the fastest among all China’s major trade partners, according to Sergey Tsyplakov, trade representative of the Russian Federation in China.

«I think the goals of reaching $100 billion in bilateral trade volume by 2015 and $200 billion by 2020 are completely within reach,» Tsyplakov said during the opening ceremony of the Russia Business Day in Harbin, capital of Northeast China’s Heilongjiang province.

«We are happy to see that border trade and the cooperation between local governments are more vibrant than before and have become an important part of bilateral trade,» agreed Zhong Shan, China’s vice minister of commerce, at the event.

Zhong also said that «holding this Business Day is an important platform for bilateral trade, and I have full confidence that the trade targets will be realized.»

In 2011, bilateral trade reached $80 billion, a record high showing a 42.7-percent year-on-year rise.

Economic and trade cooperation is a very important part of China-Russia relations which is now at its best stage, said visiting Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao.

A package of energy deals have been signed in Moscow on Friday, as the new Chinese leader Xi Jinping is visiting Russia to discuss developing cooperation with President Vladimir Putin.

Russia has been steadily increasing its oil exports to Asia as European oil and gas markets shrink due to the economic downturn. Around 15% of Russian oil exports are heading east, thanks to the new pipelines to China and to the Pacific coast.

In 2013 Russia plans to increase its oil supplies to China by 1 million tonnes via the Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline. From 2015 to 2017 Rosneft reportedly plans to send 7 million tonnes of oil to Asia by sea, according to Nezavisimaya Gazeta referring to unnamed sources.

Rosneft wants to ship 7 million tonnes of oil to China through the Pacific port of Kozmino in 2013 and increase it to 9 million tons next year.

Earlier reports suggested that Rosneft planned to double its oil supplies to China and deliver part of it through Kazakhstan.

China is also looking to increase its natural gas imports. With a new head of the People’s Republic it may now become easier for the two nations to reach an agreement on natural gas pipelines through Siberia, after six years of bargaining over prices. A contract stipulating terms for Russian gas supply is expected to be signed in June this year and a long-term contract will also be on the agenda, head of Gazprom, Alexey Miller said.

If an agreement is reached Russia could supply up to 68 billion cubic meters of gas a year to China through the new cross-Siberian routes.

Russia’s Gazprom may now need to give in to China’s price demands as rival Russian gas producers are also looking to serve China.

Bilateral trade between Russia and China has been «skyrocketing over the past few decades,» CCTV correspondent Tian Wei told RT. The China Institute of Contemporary International Relations forecasts that trade between Russia and China will exceed $100 billion in 2015.

«Fourteen times — that is the increase of the bilateral trade over the past 20 years. Many say this is a relationship that is not only strong politically, but also economically.

China is currently Russia’s largest trading partner, with the trade volume between the two countries reaching 88.16 billion U.S. dollars in 2012.

«Fourteen times — that is the increase of the bilateral trade over the past 20 years. Many say this is a relationship that is not only strong politically, but also economically.

HARBIN, June 14 (Xinhua) — The trade volume between China and Russia is expected to hit 100 billion U.S. dollars in 2014, a year ahead of the target set by leaders from the two countries, a Russian trade representative forecast Friday.

China’s imports from Russia mainly include oil and raw materials, the price of which has fallen remarkably in past months.

In addition to energy cooperation, the two countries can strengthen cooperation on technology, agriculture and tourism, said Lu Nanquan, deputy director of the Russian Research Center under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

Aerospace, nanotechnology, high-end manufacturing, energy conservation and environmental protection, biochemistry and information technology are key areas in which China and Russia can compliment each other, said Lu.

China is currently Russia’s largest trading partner, with the trade volume between the two countries reaching 88.16 billion U.S. dollars in 2012.

So, I think that China and Russia will have a good trade development.And it continue goes to grow more and more.

Political marketing covers a wide range of public life areas: political elections, lobbying, international political marketing, etc. In western countries, political marketing is often used in election campaigns. In Russia, political marketing is also developing and popular.

American writers Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba studied the differences in political culture among Britain, the United States, Italy, Canada and Mexico. They found that different political cultures have different political behavior patterns.

Political marketing is always culturally conditional, so when studying political marketing as a special field of scientific knowledge, we must remember the cultural space for political marketing

The gender justice policy requires that women have equal opportunities with men in the distribution of political power aimed at establishing judicial and social justice systems. Through the research on the practice and development stages of Chinese women’s participation in politics, we can explore the development path of the ladder of «gender equity policy» for women’s participation in politics. In the political system of political parties and countries, women have obtained political rights that are legally equal to men. This formal gender equality can only be the first step, because the level of target demand is low. With the continuous improvement of democratic requirements for women’s political rights, it is inevitable that they will disappear from the rules and norms of policies. Therefore, at this stage, the ultimate goal of Chinese women in political life is to respect gender differences and freely choose true equality, justice and establish gender policies and value systems. Only when foreign security and domestic policies take women’s awareness as the theme can women’s political development be truly promoted.

In the book Mass Communication Psychology, there is a saying: «The power of stereotypes lies in automating our thinking and helping us effortlessly evaluate different forms of expression.» [17] Discuss the framework of gender justice and political justice, and study the political system and women’s participation in the political system. Any kind of political system, through the continuous connection of multiple links and levels, has a formal goal of political justice and the lowest level requirements. Theoretically, from large to small, the conditions must be realized by gradually increasing the complexity, and long-term goals as incentives are also gradually increasing. Therefore, according to the normal logical order, the most basic goal for female politicians is to ensure gender equality in the legal form of the right to vote, which is basically achieved in China. From a practical point of view, Chinese political culture is dominated by women, which has a profound objective and subjective choice environment in politics. This environment is based on the existing classification of progressive movement, which is also necessary to achieve the goal. More Chinese feminists generally believe that gender inequality ultimately stems from the basic system of social inequality. Gender division in the family is not justice, nor is social justice rooted in the same basic system. [2] Feminism respects the social system of universal justice. Justice is not only a «public property», but also includes the private sector such as the family. The family is a component of the «basic political system» and «social system integrated into the cooperative system», and regulates «the advantages of social cooperation, resulting from path distribution». [3] Therefore, the main problem lies in the field of domestic private justice. Political system, economic and social measures are included in the public sphere, not only to determine people’s rights and obligations in the public sphere, but also to profoundly affect their values and living conditions. Gender justice is a public sector and must be reflected in institutional mechanisms to promote gender justice. Although separation is different, there is not much difference between the status of the degree of respect, the possibility of participation and the prospect of life. Because the public sector is so widely reflected in many private collections and fields, gender justice and justice must achieve both public and private objectives. This is a kind of «universal gender justice». The pursuit of respect for differences and the value of free choice of places can only be used as a «relative» majority to measure the realization of «universality». Women in politics must also engage in administrative work to maximize justice and fairness, and strive to establish a value system of gender justice.

Equal protection of the law requires that the Chinese government take gender equality as the main national policy for the country’s social development, and further strengthen gender awareness in the law through policy implementation to ensure equal political power. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Constitution) stipulates the basic principle of equality of political rights between men and women, and the National Women’s Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests).

Achieving women’s participation in decision-making and management

All this makes China and even the entire blue civilization not only a promising competitor in the future geopolitical power pattern, but also a powerful carrier, miraculously adapting to the modern universal values of primitive philosophy, and integrating the greatest achievements of ancient times. Traditional refined spiritual culture. [21]

This historical perspective is more reliable than when it was published in 1948. Feng Yulan, one of the best Chinese philosophy experts in the world, seems to have prophesied that «people contact higher values through philosophy, even more through religion, because they are not confused with imagination and superstition. In the future world, philosophy will replace religion. This is in line with Chinese tradition».

(a) Political arrangements and needs

Historically, the number of Chinese women in politics does not necessarily reflect the number of women with unstable nutrition. The overall trend varies from high to low. However, a relatively obvious sign is that whenever social development needs more strength and resources and the government attaches importance to women’s participation, the traditional gender bias will be covered up by women and will be improved; When the government is cut, «men are outside, women are inside». The concept of women’s particularly active participation in society means, first of all, that opportunities for women and women cadres are greatly reduced. Among women, in the rising chart, you can see that women have two kinds of power in politics — the size of power in decision-making competition. This competition has not ended, and it will last for a long time.

From the birth of the main female roles in Chinese politics and political agreements, it is the Women’s Federation. The All China Women’s Federation has given birth for the first time, a powerful community led by a political party. First of all, we should aim. The task undertaken by the Party must complete the management task of the Federation. Only its structure and the Party’s organizational principles can we truly embark on the line of democratic centralism, the majority, and the lower and higher levels. [5] These organizations are led by the Women’s Action Party, which greatly reduces women’s participation in political life. Of course, in the new CPPCC National Committee, women have many members of the multi-party fraternity, who can fully participate in the meeting. The number of women holding senior leadership positions is also increasing. For example, Song Qingling is the Vice President of the Central People’s Government. Cai Chang is a member of the Central People’s Government, and Luo Shuzhang is the Deputy Director of the General Office of the Central People’s Government. [6] History reflects the extent of women’s political participation. Since the 1980s, the All China Women’s Federation has paid more attention to women and their interests. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of Nepal, the research on women’s participation in politics is being actively expanded.

(b) The state law guarantees the organization and legal form of women’s political participation. The Basic Law does exist, but it is not always implemented under specific circumstances.

Article 4 of the Electoral Law of the National People’s Congress (hereinafter referred to as the Electoral Law) adopted by the General Assembly in 1953: «Men and women enjoy equal rights to vote and stand for election.» «Women have the same right to vote and stand for election as men», which is the principle to protect women’s legitimacy in politics.

From 1953 to 1954, China’s first general election and the first new women’s right to vote were a period of active practice. In order to ensure the exercise of women’s right to vote, political parties and governments have taken a series of measures to mobilize women to actively participate in elections. In April 1992, the Seventh National People’s Congress passed the Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests. In 1995, the Electoral Law was revised, stipulating that the National Assembly and local people’s congresses should have an appropriate number of women representatives, and gradually increasing the proportion of women representatives. [7] Article 48 of the Constitution stipulates: «In the political, economic, cultural, political, social, cultural and other fields, and in the laws and regulations in the political, economic, social, cultural, political, economic, political, social, cultural and other fields, equality between men and women is the basis of national policies. In society and the family, women enjoy the equal right to life with men and other aspects of the law. The State protects the rights and interests of women and realizes equal pay for equal work, training and employment. «It exists to promote gender equality, legal and political equality, and provides a constitutional framework for improvement.

In June 2012, Fuyao Glass, a Chinese auto glass manufacturer, signed an agreement with the California government to establish a factory to produce 3 million sets of auto glass every year. According to the agreement, Fuyao Glass will invest 200 million dollars. [8].

In June 2012, at the International Economic Forum held in St. Petersburg, Russian power producer Eurosibenergo and China Yangtze Power, China’s largest hydropower company, signed an agreement to build three power plants in East Siberia, including Lena Thermal Power Plant (1200 MW) in Irkutsk region. Lower Angara Hydropower Station (600—1200 MW) in Krasnoyarsk region and Trans Siberian Hydropower Station (9400—900 MW) across Baikal Lake. To realize these three projects, a joint venture is planned to be established [8].

As can be seen from Table 1, the trade relationship from the beginning of the year to the end of December 2012 was 88.15 billion US dollars.

The trade volume between Russia and China from January to December 2013 The total amount was $8921 billion (+1.2%).

In 2013, China Russia relations entered a new stage of development. The two heads of state have met repeatedly and signed a series of important joint statements and cooperation agreements. The two sides have carried out good cooperation on a series of international hotspot issues within the framework of regional and international organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the United Nations. The above facts show the high level and importance of bilateral relations. Today, the two sides are developing relations and committed to building a multipolar world. The bilateral relations have gone through the best period in history.

So far, the contacts between the heads of state of Russia and China have become tense. These include official visits, bilateral contacts within the framework of the SCO and APEC summits, etc. In bilateral contacts, the hotline between Russian and Chinese leaders is being actively used.

All these have played an important and constructive role in maintaining regional security and stability and actively promoted the development of mutually beneficial economic and trade cooperation between Russia and China.

Looking at the history of Sino Russian trade, we can see the following characteristics of Sino Russian trade:

1. China and Russia have adapted to the socio-economic needs of citizens living in these two countries;

2. The development of Sino Russian trade directly depends on bilateral relations and harmony, and determines the rise and fall of Sino Russian trade;

3. The trade policies, trade volume and government support of the two governments are crucial to strengthening trade stability and development.

Chapter 3. Analyze the current situation of trade relations between Russia and China

Today, Russia’s politics are stable. Since President Vladimir Putin took office, the combination of political stability and strong central power has promoted the rapid recovery of the Russian economy and sustained and stable economic growth. Russia’s foreign exchange reserves have increased. The stable development of Russia’s economy has laid the foundation for accelerating trade development.

As a developing country, China is committed to developing economic relations with other countries and increasing its participation in the world economy. It is now clear that the relationship between China and Russia is on the rise.

At present, with the further development of China Russia partnership and strategic cooperation, bilateral economic and trade cooperation has begun to take the form of what the two countries call «strategic partnership and cooperation».

China Russia economic and trade cooperation has developed rapidly. The two countries have steadily deepened cooperation in energy, high-tech and financial fields, and steadily increased mutual investment. The border and interregional cooperation between Northeast China and the Russian Far East and East Siberia has become a new growth point of bilateral relations.

The relationship between Russia and China has global, regional and bilateral dimensions.

Today, it is crucial to understand the importance of the Asia Pacific region and China’s role as a major and largest power in Russia’s global strategy in the near future. In February 2012, on the eve of the presidential election, Russian President Vladimir Putin mentioned this again. Putin published an article «Russia and the Changing World» This is the first time in Russian political history that the role of rapid growth in the Asia Pacific region has been given priority to other regions of the world economy. The attitude towards China’s economic recovery is particularly meaningful, emphasizing that the largest and fastest growing eastern neighbor of the Russian Federation is not a threat, but an exciting «challenge». Cooperation with the People’s Republic of China has provided great opportunities for Russia’s rise. Putin said: «Russia needs a prosperous and stable China, while China needs a strong and successful Russia.

This programmatic article and the strategic goal of establishing a supranational union in the form of the Eurasian Union put forward earlier clearly indicate the direction of Russia in the near future. In fact, Putin has summarized in many years of discussions the direction in which Russia should move: whether it should unilaterally turn to the Euro Atlantic direction, or whether it should be aware of its geopolitical and geographical position and consolidate its natural status as a Eurasia Pacific power. Today, we have chosen to consciously understand the Eurasian nature of modern Russia and recognize its unique status as a Eurasia Pacific country.

Under such circumstances, it is clear that the factors of Russia China relations are becoming one of the basic factors for Russia to implement its strategy in the Asia Pacific region, and at the same time, it is strengthening economic, military, political and other cooperation with East Asian countries, including Vietnam, Mongolia, countries on the Korean Peninsula, Japan, etc. It has significant advantages in safeguarding the national interests of the Russian Federation in the Asia Pacific direction.

«In the context of the world financial turmoil, in Europe, our cooperation in the economic field is an important factor for international economic stability,» Russian Head of State V.V. emphasized in the summer of 2012. Putin also pointed out that Russia China relations are not only important in the economic field. They are a very powerful factor for stability in the field of international affairs and security».

Today, Russia China relations are defined by both sides as «comprehensive, equal Russian President Putin and Chinese President Hu Jintao signed the Sino Russian Joint Statement on Further Deepening China Russia Comprehensive, Equal and Trust Partnership and Strategic Cooperation in Beijing on June 5, 2012.

China Russia strategic partnership has gradually transformed from the Political Declaration into concrete political practice, including major international joint initiatives in regulating and coordinating international relations, forming multipolarity, upholding the principles of international law and the United Nations Charter. Oppose hegemonism and authoritarian policies.

In this regard, it must be pointed out that personal contacts play a huge role in the development of bilateral national relations. He had fruitful personal contacts with all three. B.B. Putin is the most popular foreign leader in China.

At the initiative of the leaders of Russia and China, a series of new dialogue institutions and organizations have emerged. These institutions and organizations can promote and defend the major security, territorial integrity and sovereign interests of our countries through political means without resorting to military confrontation, except, of course, in the case of direct military threats. The establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the formation of the Russia India China (RIC) dialogue structure, and the subsequent formation of the BRICS (Brazil Russia India China South Africa) dialogue structure are examples of such joint implementation initiatives. Through the efforts of V.V. As President and Prime Minister Putin, cooperation with China has shifted from parallel action to large-scale joint action, which not only develops each other’s economies, but also simplifies the world financial and economic structure.

The cooperation between Russia and China in solving international problems through political dialogue has prevented the serious deterioration of the situation on the Korean Peninsula and promoted the trend of integration in the Asia Pacific region. Russia and China actively cooperate within the framework of the United Nations to solve the complex problems in the Middle East and other global issues.

The deepening of strategic collaboration and partnership on the international stage has led Russia and China to step up the formulation of coordinated plans and actions to ensure mutual security and international stability. The positions of the two countries on the issue of territorial integrity, as well as on the resolution of the nuclear issues in Syria, Iran and the Korean Peninsula, clearly prove this. The two sides put forward the initiative of establishing an open, transparent, equal security and cooperation framework in the Asia Pacific region, and supported the implementation of the joint initiative of China and Russia to strengthen security cooperation in the Asia Pacific region proposed by the two heads of state in September 2010.

A multi-level consultation and drafting system, including regular meetings between heads of state, heads of government and ministers, has been established and is functioning effectively. More than 20 intergovernmental specialized committees and subcommittees have worked in sectors and areas of cooperation, formulated practical recommendations and held meetings of heads of State and Government.

It is worth mentioning that the diplomatic departments of the two countries have had fruitful contacts. The Foreign Ministries of Russia and China hold regular and multi-year consultations on strategic security and stability, cooperation in the United Nations, combating international terrorism and other hot issues in contemporary international life.

China and Russia support Afghanistan to become a peaceful, stable, independent, developing country free from terrorism and drug crimes. The two countries support the granting of observer status to the SCO in Afghanistan.

China and Russia have carried out cooperation in the Asia Pacific region in deepening regional integration and multilateral cooperation, and believe that this process is conducive to strengthening the centrality and democratization of international relations and maintaining peace and stability in the Asia Pacific region.

Our countries support the development of partnerships between different regional organizations, forums and dialogue institutions, such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum, the East Asia Summit, the ASEAN Regional Forum and the ASEAN Conference of Defense Ministers. Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia, Asia Cooperation Dialogue. The two sides reiterated their willingness to closely coordinate their efforts in these and other multilateral forums.

Today, our relations with China have reached a new level of comprehensive strategic cooperation and trust partnership. Ambitious tasks have begun to emerge, accelerating the expansion of economic cooperation and forming a win-win common development strategy.

So far, the contacts between the heads of state of Russia and China have become tense. This includes official visits, bilateral contacts within the framework of the SCO and APEC summits, etc. In bilateral contacts, the hotline between Russian and Chinese leaders is being actively used.

In 2013, the following product categories accounted for the main shares (percentage) of Russia’s export structure to China.

In 2013, the «fossil fuel» commodity group accounted for more than half of Russia’s exports. The second place in Russia’s exports to China is «timber and its products», and the third place in Russia’s total exports to China is «ores, slag and ashes». The fourth place in Russia’s total exports to China is «non-ferrous metals». The fifth largest product exported by Russia to China is «chemical products». In the sixth place is «fish, shellfish». The seventh export of Russia to China is «fertilizer». Russia’s total exports to China rank eighth as «gems», ninth as «pulp and cellulose», and tenth as «machinery and equipment». Data is taken from 2013.

The main products exported by Russia to China are: fuel and energy products (oil and petroleum products, coal); Wood raw materials, wood and cellulose, metallurgical raw materials and semi-finished products (ore and iron concentrate), frozen fish, mineral fertilizers, aviation equipment and its parts, unprocessed nickel, synthetic rubber, nuclear power plant equipment, lactate, ethylene polymer.

In 2013, China’s export structure to Russia was dominated by «machinery and equipment» products. No. 2 in China

Exports to Russia are «chemicals». The third largest export of China to Russia is textiles and clothing. «Footwear» ranks fourth in China’s total exports to Russia. China’s fifth largest export to Russia is «knitted clothing». «Fur» ranked sixth. The seventh place in China’s exports to Russia is «ferrous metal products». «Textile trade products» ranked eighth in China’s total exports to Russia. Chinese furniture and mattresses ranked ninth. «Leather products» rank the tenth in the list of major commodities exported from China to Russia.

In the Russian export structure to China, the following main products (accounting for more than 65% of the total imports): light industrial products (knitted textiles and leather products, shoes and their parts), consumer electronic products (computer equipment, telephone equipment, television, etc.), electronic equipment parts; Furniture and its parts; Games and sports equipment; Grocery (fruit and vegetable products, fish and seafood).