Бесплатный фрагмент - Scientific research and development of solar energy in the modern world and the Republic of Uzbekistan

Preface

If you are doing something beautiful and sublime, and no one notices it - do not worry: sunrise is generally the most beautiful sight in the world, but most people are still asleep at this time.

John Lennon

Energy is what characterizes the entire civilization and this is an extremely true statement, because even the level of development of society is determined precisely due to the amount of energy generated by it. But this generation may not always be safe. For example, the generation of electrical energy through steam is extremely complex, and in large volumes even dangerous technology that leads to large-scale natural disasters. Speaking of the wind industry, it has yet to be studied in more detail, but if we stop at nuclear energy, it is important to say that uranium is already outliving its age and it is necessary to switch to more advanced technologies, for example, the inclusion of thermonuclear reactions, but even better the use of resonant nuclear reactions, which have been mentioned more than once and it was said.

By themselves, these reactions are as environmentally friendly as solar energy, of course, with the introduction of some very revolutionary changes. But even more shocking will be the collaboration of these two titans of the energy industry — solar energy and energy of resonant nuclear reactions, which is likely to give just a shocking result. Speaking about the relevance and relevance of this project as such, it is enough just to note the beginning of the "energy hunger" across the planet and around the world.

But if we stop only at the technologies of solar power plants themselves, then we can already cite a number of very different facts regarding the active development of this direction as quite rapidly progressing.

Speaking about the study of this problem, it is important to proceed from the very beginning. The first discovery in 1839 by Alexander Edmond Becquerel of the photoelectric effect in the study of electrolytic elements contributed to the growth of interest in them among the scientific community. In 1873, Willoughby Smith discovered the photoconductivity of selenium, and in Johann Elster and Hans Geitel studied the effects of sunlight on electrified bodies. Later in 1887, Heinrich Hertz observed the photoelectric effect and reported on the production and reception of electromagnetic waves with their help.

In the future, this issue most often turned to scientific debates, but for the first time the idea of industrial use of solar energy is assigned to the time of Frank Schumann, on the use of solar engines and pumping water with their help. But for his project, about 15,000 square meters of Land were needed to use solar generators resembling modern solar collectors, which would allow for 1,000 horsepower. And for the first time experimentally, this project began its work on the territory of Africa back in June 1913.

After that, the German government, headed by Wilhelm II himself, allocated large sums for this, but the First World War began, which contributed to the closure of the project.

Speaking of the scientific development of the idea, further study of this issue in the effects of Stoletov, Riga, Hoor and others led to a number of questions and later developed into the famous "absolutely black body" problem, near the 1900s. Which was later solved thanks to the introduction of Max Planck's works in the work "On the law of energy distribution in the normal spectrum", which was finally boldly developed in a completely different way, having received the simplest and at the same time ingenious solution by Albert Einstein, in the form of his equation for the photoelectric effect, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921. awards.

Today, the photovoltaic effect is very often used in all directions and research, many firms and enterprises are actively working towards the creation of new power plants, but no one has yet attempted a real collaboration, the actions of two huge parts of the energy industry together, and the question of how this can be done, is this method and solution effective and a number of derivatives are central.

The purpose of this study is:

· Creation of a strong communication system between the nuclear and solar energy model;

· Improvement of solar energy extraction technologies with the highest possible efficiency;

· Reaching new heights in the field of scaling electric power generation systems;

· Creation of mathematical and physical apparatus for connecting solar and nuclear systems;

· Calculation of both the nuclear and solar side of the study of all processes and integer values of the characteristics of systems;

· Generation of a huge amount of electric energy, capable of providing almost the entire Republic of Uzbekistan by more than 174%.

The object of this study is the merger of solar power plants with a new resonant nuclear reaction power plant.

The subject of this study is the process of studying the fusion of solar power plants with a new resonant nuclear reaction power plant.

For this study, an instrumental, empirical and theoretical research method was applied, which gave the necessary important results.

The scientific novelty of this work is based on the following:

· Together with Clipper Energy LLC, aka Clipper Associates Malaysia LLC, a large-scale modeling and calculation of the process indicators of the project to create a Solar Park for 1000 MW energy in the Fergana Valley is being carried out;

· The first system of collaboration between the Solar Park and the world's first station for generating electricity through the phenomena of physics of resonant nuclear reactions, developed in the world's first laboratory of physics of resonant nuclear reactions in the Fergana Valley by Electron Laboratory LLC with generation to convert 1 GWh of energy into 17.4 GWh;

· The only worldwide development in the field of development of joint technologies for nuclear energy conversion;

· The world's only technology for the use of solar interference in the production of energy.

The reliability of the results is based on the ongoing project to implement two power plants, which were mentioned earlier on the basis of cooperation between Clipper Associates LLC and Electron Laboratory LLC, which will lead to great results, if we mention the number of publications, then this was mentioned in many scientific articles, but as a professional book publication in the field of solar energy, this the job is the first one. Quite a few monographs, textbooks and others have already been published in the nuclear field.

Chapter 1. Orders, resolutions and orders in the Republic of Uzbekistan on alternative and renewable energy sources

Since the main problems of the energy crisis are becoming more and more relevant today all over the world, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoyev pays great attention to the development of energy, as evidenced by numerous active contacts with the states of the world on cooperation in the field of creating new energy installations, among which renewable energy sources have a high priority. It is also worth pointing out that a large number of companies, firms, organizations around the world want to act as investors, to which the Government of the state expresses keen interest, which is also evidenced by the attention of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the energy issue at official meetings with heads of state.

The following resolutions may serve as proof of the above:

1.1. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On accelerated measures to improve the energy efficiency of economic and social sectors, the introduction of energy-saving technologies and the development of renewable energy sources» No. PP-4422 dated 08/22/2019

The republic implements long-term strategies for the development of the oil and gas, electric power, coal, chemical, and construction industries aimed at ensuring dynamic economic growth and improving the welfare of the population, uninterrupted satisfaction of demand for fuel and energy resources.

At the same time, the existing capacities of the fuel and energy industry do not fully meet the growing demand for energy resources, the energy intensity of the domestic economy significantly exceeds the average of developed countries.

The share of renewable energy sources generated mainly by hydroelectric power plants currently accounts for only 10 percent of the total electricity produced in the country. Despite the huge potential available, the possibilities of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind are not fully used.

In this regard, one of the urgent directions of state policy at the present stage should be to increase the energy efficiency of economic and social sectors, the widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies and renewable energy sources.

In order to comprehensively organize work to improve energy efficiency, widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies and renewable energy sources, radically reduce the energy intensity of economic and social sectors by involving existing resources and untapped potential, taking into account advanced foreign experience, as well as ensuring rational and efficient use of fuel and energy resources:

1. Take note that:

a) The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Use of Renewable Energy sources" provides for benefits and preferences in the field of the use of renewable energy sources, including exemption from payment of:

all types of taxes for a period of five years from the date of state registration of producers of renewable energy installations;

property tax for installations of renewable energy sources and land tax on the sites occupied by these installations (with a nominal capacity of 0.1 MW or more) for a period of ten years from the date of their commissioning;

land tax by persons using renewable energy sources in residential premises with complete disconnection from existing energy networks, for a period of three years, starting from the month of use of renewable energy sources;

b) the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated November 8, 2017 No. PP-3379 "On measures to ensure the rational use of energy resources" established the procedure according to which from January 1, 2018:

during the design, reconstruction, construction and commissioning of buildings and structures of state bodies and institutions, as well as multi-apartment housing stock, they are checked for compliance with urban planning norms and rules regarding the use of energy-efficient and energy-saving technologies;

when designing, reconstructing and constructing all buildings and structures, except for individual housing construction, it is mandatory to install certified solar water heating installations for hot water supply, as well as energy-saving lamps.

2. Recognize the unsatisfactory work of ministries and departments, enterprises and organizations of economic and social sectors to improve energy efficiency, introduce energy-saving technologies and develop renewable energy sources.

3. Indicate the personal responsibility of the first heads of state and economic management bodies, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the khokims of regions, Tashkent, districts and cities for taking comprehensive measures to improve energy efficiency, the widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies and the use of renewable energy sources in administrative buildings, settlements and industrial facilities.

4. To approve the Comprehensive Program developed by the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Economy and Industry, the Ministry of Innovative Development and the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan for further improving the energy efficiency of economic and social sectors, the introduction of energy—saving technologies and the development of renewable energy sources in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2019 — 2022 (hereinafter referred to as the Comprehensive Program), which provides:

a) approval:

target parameters for the further development of renewable energy sources according to Appendix No. 1 with bringing their share to more than 25 percent of the total electricity generation by 2030;

The Roadmap for further improving the energy efficiency of economic and social sectors, as well as the development of renewable energy sources according to Appendix No. 2;

See the previous edition.

b) measures to ensure uninterrupted supply of energy resources to social facilities (educational organizations, including preschool, healthcare facilities) in the regions, as well as to reduce energy consumption in the city of Nukus, regional centers and cities of regions due to:

(first paragraph of subparagraph "b" of paragraph 4 as amended by the decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated October 8, 2020 year No. PP-4857 — National Database of Legislation, 09.10.2020, no.07/20/4857/1357)

phased installation of modern solar photovoltaic plants and solar water heaters (with the exception of facilities connected to centralized heat supply systems) to provide hot water and electric energy, as well as energy-efficient heating systems, including bivalent, including the introduction of modern heat pumps and recuperators;

improvements to the thermal protection system of buildings, installation of two-chamber and energy-efficient window units, sensor sensors combined with LED sources, as well as air recuperators and other systems;

c) installation of solar photovoltaic plants (on average 2 kW) and solar water heaters (on average 200 liters) in private households;

d) replacement of non-standard gas-burning devices with modern and energy-efficient gas-burning devices for household consumers, as well as legal entities;

e) approval of the List of administrative buildings of state bodies and organizations, as well as infrastructure facilities that are recommended to be equipped with solar photovoltaic stations and solar water heating installations, according to Appendix No. 3.

5. Determine the sources of financing for the activities of the Comprehensive Program from the republican budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the republican budget of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, local budgets of regions and Tashkent, own funds of individuals and legal entities, as well as preferential credit resources of international financial institutions and foreign government financial organizations, technical assistance funds (grants) from foreign donors.

The Ministry of Investment and Foreign Trade, together with the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, will hold negotiations with international financial institutions, foreign government financial organizations and foreign donors within a month in order to attract credit resources and technical assistance funds (grants) for the implementation of a Comprehensive program.

6. Introduce the procedure according to which, from January 1, 2020, the following activities are financed from the State Budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan within the annually approved parameters:

a) providing compensation to individuals in the amount of 30 percent of the costs of purchasing solar photovoltaic plants, solar water heaters, as well as energy—efficient gas-burning devices, but not more than:

3 million soums - for solar photovoltaic plants;

1.5 million soums — for solar water heaters;

200 thousand soums — for gas-burning devices;

b) providing compensations to individuals and legal entities to cover interest costs on loans from commercial banks for the purchase of renewable energy installations, energy—efficient gas burners and boilers, as well as other energy—efficient equipment:

to individuals - on loans whose amount does not exceed 500 million soums - in part exceeding the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan, but not by more than 8 percentage points;

to legal entities — on loans, the amount of which does not exceed 5 billion soums — in the part exceeding the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan, but not more than 5 percentage points;

c) development and adoption of international standards that establish requirements for energy-efficient, energy-saving technologies and equipment, as well as methods of their testing.

The Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Uzbekistan within two months to determine the mechanism for financing the activities provided for in this paragraph.

7. Establish that annually:

Until September 15, state and economic management bodies, as well as territorial commissions on energy efficiency and the development of renewable energy sources, submit proposals to the Ministry of Energy for inclusion in the List of facilities to be equipped with renewable energy installations, other energy—efficient and energy-saving equipment in the coming year, as well as work to improve thermal protection (hereinafter - the List);

Until October 1, the Ministry of Energy, together with the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services, the Ministry of Economy and Industry, the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, the khokimiyats of the regions and the city of Tashkent, forms a list by sectors of the economy and social sphere, as well as districts and cities, indicating specific volumes and sources of financing;

Until October 15, the Republican Commission on Energy Efficiency and Development of Renewable Energy Sources considers and approves the List;

The amount of funds provided in the List is included by the Ministry of Finance in the parameters of the annually approved State Budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

8. To determine that from January 1, 2020:

a) when designing, reconstructing and constructing all buildings and structures, except for individual housing construction, it is mandatory to provide for:

ensuring energy efficiency of buildings in accordance with building codes and regulations;

provision of a section of energy efficiency indicators of buildings and structures taking into account the requirements of building codes and regulations during the examination of project documentation;

b) state bodies and organizations are obliged to install sensor sensors combined with LED sources for lighting systems, energy-efficient gas-burning devices in buildings and structures on their balance sheet;

c) determination of the class or technical indicators of energy efficiency of products (equipment, goods) and technologies is mandatory when they are certified by accredited bodies in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

The Ministry of Construction, together with the Ministry of Energy and the Uzstandart Agency, until November 1, 2019:

to review urban planning norms and rules for radically increasing the energy efficiency requirements of newly constructed and reconstructed buildings and structures;

develop and approve regulatory documents for determining energy efficiency classes of buildings and structures (classes A, B, C and others).

9. Agree with the proposal of the Uzstandart Agency, the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Economy and Industry, the Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the phased implementation of the system from December 1, 2019 to January 1, 2023 energy management in accordance with the international standard (ISO 50001) at domestic enterprises and organizations according to the list according to Annex No. 4, which provides:

transparency and objectivity of energy efficiency assessment, reduction of energy intensity of enterprises, as well as reduction of emissions into the atmosphere;

efficiency of energy consumption management with minimal expenditure of resources, primarily financial, increasing the capitalization of assets of enterprises;

improving the competitiveness of manufactured products and services.

10. To the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Agency "Uzstandart" together with the responsible ministries and departments:

within a month to conduct an inventory of the existing regulatory documents on standardization, establishing requirements for energy-efficient, energy-saving technologies and equipment;

within two months to approve the network schedule for the adoption in the period 2019-2020 of the necessary international standards establishing requirements for energy-efficient, energy-saving technologies, equipment and methods of their testing;

within two months, develop and approve a Roadmap for the creation of modern laboratories for testing energy-consuming equipment for compliance with energy efficiency and energy saving indicators by August 1, 2020.

See the previous edition.

11. Prohibit from January 1, 2022 the import into the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan of used generating equipment, power step-down transformers, electric motors, as well as energy-intensive household electrical appliances of the energy efficiency category "D".

(the first paragraph of paragraph 11 as amended by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated September 9, 2022 No. UP-220 — National Database of Legislation, 09/10/2022, No. 06/22/220/0812)

See the previous edition.

To approve the list of household electrical appliances of energy efficiency category "D" and below, the import of which into the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan is prohibited, according to Annex No. 4a.

(paragraph 11 was supplemented with the second paragraph by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated September 9, 2022 No. UP-220 — National Database of Legislation, 09/10/2022, No. 06/22/220/0812)

To establish that the purchase of electrical equipment and installations, as well as components and materials for enterprises of territorial electric networks is carried out centrally by JSC "Regional Electric Networks".

12. Approve:

the updated composition of the Republican Commission on Energy Efficiency and Development of Renewable Energy Sources (hereinafter — the Republican Commission) according to Appendix No. 5;

standard composition of territorial commissions on energy efficiency and development of renewable energy sources according to Appendix No. 6.

Republican Commission (A. N. Aripov):

by October 15, 2019, to approve the methodology for determining indicators for improving energy efficiency and saving fuel and energy resources;

by October 20, 2019, to form a list of economic sectors in the context of energy-intensive enterprises for further assessment of their energy efficiency and saving of fuel and energy resources;

by December 20, 2019, to approve targets for improving energy efficiency and saving fuel and energy resources by sectors of the economy, providing for savings of at least 2.4 billion kWh of electric energy, 2.4 billion cubic meters of natural gas and 20 thousand tons of petroleum products in 2020 - 2022;

make, if necessary, changes and additions to the parameters of the Integrated Program;

to carry out effective organization and coordination of work on the fulfillment of the tasks defined by this resolution.

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan shall approve the regulations on the Republican Commission within a month.

13. Determine that:

a) The Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Uzbekistan:

is the authorized body for the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of ensuring energy efficiency in economic and social sectors, the introduction of energy-saving technologies for all categories of consumers, regardless of ownership and departmental affiliation, as well as the development of renewable energy;

acts as the responsible executive body for the coordination and management of projects in the field of energy efficiency improvement of economic and social sectors, the introduction of energy-saving technologies and the development of renewable energy sources in the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as monitoring and reporting during their implementation;

It is a working body of the Republican Commission;

It is the national coordinating body of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).

b) draft regulatory legal acts and programs for the introduction of renewable energy sources are subject to mandatory coordination with the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

14. Assign the following additional tasks to the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Uzbekistan:

implementation of a unified state policy in the field of improving the energy efficiency of economic and social sectors, reducing the energy intensity of the economy, as well as stimulating the active introduction of advanced energy-saving technologies;

development of proposals for investment projects in order to improve energy efficiency, including through the organization and conduct of scientific research;

development of mechanisms to stimulate the introduction of modern energy-efficient and energy-saving technologies in government agencies and organizations, in the production processes of organizations of economic sectors, as well as monitoring the efficiency of energy consumption;

organization of trainings for advanced training of specialists in the field of energy audit and energy service providers, taking into account international experience and involving, if necessary, foreign specialists;

determining the procedure for organizing the activities of energy auditors, monitoring the conduct of mandatory energy surveys of consumers of fuel and energy resources and the implementation of relevant recommendations, as well as monitoring the activities of energy service companies;

the application of economic sanctions for the inefficient use of fuel and energy resources to legal entities, regardless of their departmental affiliation and forms of ownership.

15. Create a Department for energy Efficiency and energy Conservation in economic and social sectors in the structure of the central office of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

In order to staff the newly created unit, allocate to the Ministry of Energy an additional 10 full-time units of management personnel, funded from the State Budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan, of which:

2 units — due to the reduction of the corresponding staffing of the territorial units of the Inspection for the Control of the Use of Petroleum Products and Gas under the Ministry of Energy (hereinafter — Uzneftegazinspektsia);

3 units — due to the reduction of the corresponding staff number of territorial units of the Inspection for Control in the Electric Power Industry under the Ministry of Energy (hereinafter — Uzenergoinspektsia);

5 units — due to the reduction of the corresponding staffing of the territorial units of the Inspection for the Control of the Agro-industrial Complex under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

16. Within two months, the Ministry of Energy should submit proposals to the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on amendments and additions to the Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Administrative Responsibility, providing for the establishment of liability for non-compliance with the instructions of the Uzenergoinspektsii and Uzneftegazinspektsii, as well as non-mandatory energy surveys and examinations.

17. The Uzeltehsanoat Association, together with the Ministry of Economy and Industry, the Ministry of Innovative Development and industry enterprises, should take measures to master the production of reactive power compensating devices (capacitor banks), microprocessor relay protection units, frequency converters, soft-start devices and other energy-saving products by the end of 2020.

18. The National Television and Radio Company of Uzbekistan and the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Uzbekistan within a week to approve a media plan for wide coverage among the population of the advantages of solar water heaters, energy-efficient gas burners and other types of energy-saving equipment, including information on state support measures, equipment costs and savings of consumers.

19. To amend some resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan in accordance with Annex No. 7.

20. Within two months, the Ministry of Energy shall submit proposals to the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on amendments and additions to the legislation arising from this resolution.

21. Control over the implementation of this resolution shall be entrusted to the Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan A. N. Aripov, Deputy Prime Minister D. A. Kuchkarov, Adviser to the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan R. A. Gulyamov.

President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoyev

1.2. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On measures for accelerated development and ensuring financial stability of the electric power industry» No. PP-3981 dated 23.10.2018

In recent years, large-scale reforms have been carried out in the country, primarily aimed at accelerating the development of all sectors of the economy, increasing investment attractiveness and business activity, expanding production and services.

At the same time, insufficient use of the available opportunities and potential of the electric power industry hinders the effective implementation of the planned reforms and accelerated development of the country.

The absence of a healthy competitive environment, the presence of a significant quasi-public sector, the inconsistency of tariff policy measures with the principles of a market economy lead to excessive state regulation, a conflict of state and commercial interests.

The low level of implementation of resource- and energy-saving technologies, the slow pace of updating the corresponding infrastructure lead to an increase in technological losses and systematic interruptions in the supply of electric energy, especially in the field.

The bureaucratic management system of the industry enterprises and the irrational use of labor resources reduce the efficiency and effectiveness of their work and lead to an increase in non-production costs.

In order to radically improve the organizational and legal foundations of public administration in the electric power industry on the basis of advanced foreign experience, modern innovative ideas, developments and technologies, as well as in accordance with the objectives defined by the Action Strategy for the five priority areas of Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-2021:

1. To approve the "Roadmap" for increasing generating capacities, modernizing electrical networks, improving accounting and control of electricity consumption in 2018 — 2020 according to Appendix No. 1, which provides for:

the implementation of 7 investment projects for the modernization of existing and commissioning of new generating capacities with a total capacity of 1984 MW and a project cost of 2.6 billion US dollars;

See the previous edition.

annual reconstruction of existing and construction of new electric networks with a total length of 7.1 thousand km, installation and modernization of 2500 transformer stations at the expense of attracted loans and own funds of JSC "Regional Electric Networks";

(the third paragraph of paragraph 1 as amended by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated June 18, 2020 No. UP-6010 — National Database of Legislation, 06/18/2020, No.06/20/6010/0776)

connecting 7 million consumers to the Automated System for Monitoring and Metering of Electricity (hereinafter referred to as ASKUE), bringing the share of coverage of ASKUE to 100 percent of the total number of subscribers by the end of 2021;

the development of long-term loans totaling $ 1.8 billion, the attraction of which is coordinated with the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and other international financial institutions.

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan within two weeks to approve the network schedules for the implementation of each project provided for by the Roadmap.

See the previous edition.

Assign personal responsibility to:

Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan A. N. Aripov - for the implementation of strict control over ensuring timely and full implementation of the measures provided for by the Roadmap;

Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Investment and Foreign Economic Relations S. U. Umurzakov - for ensuring the timely disbursement of attracted funds from international financial institutions and organizations, as well as the search for potential investors and attracting foreign direct investment in the electric power industry with the identification of objects to be transferred to investors, including in trust management;

Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Financial and Economic Issues and Poverty Reduction - Minister of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction of the Republic of Uzbekistan D. A. Kuchkarov - for ensuring the qualitative development of mechanisms for the implementation of projects in the electric power industry on the terms of public-private partnership;

chairmen of the Management Board of joint―stock companies "Thermal Power Plants", "National Electric Networks of Uzbekistan" and "Regional Electric Networks" - for ensuring timely development, coordination and approval of project documentation, construction and commissioning of facilities provided for by this resolution.

(paragraphs seven to eleven of paragraph 1 as amended by Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated June 18, 2020 No. UP—6010 - National Database of Legislation, 06/18/2020, No. 06/20/6010/0776)

2. The Ministry of Finance, together with the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Investments, should ensure that part of the borrowed funds of international financial institutions involved in the implementation of the Obod Kishlok State Program are allocated for the construction and modernization of low-voltage networks in the amount of at least 100 million US dollars in 2019-2020.

3. To take note that in accordance with the resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 14, 2012 No. PP-1705 and August 2, 2012 No. PP-1795, the project "Introduction of an automated system for accounting and control of electric energy consumption. The system of accounting for electricity consumption of 0.4 kV consumers of Bukhara, Jizzakh and Samarkand regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan" with the participation of the Asian Development Bank (hereinafter referred to as ASUE Phase 1).

To agree with the proposals of the State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Investments and JSC "Uzbekenergo" on:

a) the implementation of projects for the further implementation of the ASKUE in other regions of the republic at the expense of borrowed funds of the Asian Development Bank in the amount of 300 million US dollars provided for the implementation of the project "Introduction of an automated system for monitoring and accounting of electricity consumption in Andijan, Namangan, Ferghana, Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya regions (ASKUE Phase 4)";

See. previous edition.

b) conclusion of additional agreements with:

the contractor company, determined by the results of an international tender within the framework of the ASKUE Phase 1 project, for the creation of a single republican data processing center of the ASKUE at the expense of the Asian Development Bank funds saved as part of the implementation of this project;

consortium of consulting companies "CESI S.P.A/AF Mercados Energy Markets International S.A/Sharifa.com" (Italy/Spain/Uzbekistan) on the development of tender documentation for the conduct of international tenders for the purchase of modern metering devices and related equipment necessary for the implementation of the ASKUE throughout the territory of the republic.

Assign responsibility for ensuring coordination to the Ministry of Investments and Foreign Trade of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Sh. A. Vafayev):

development of tender documentation for the purchase of modern metering devices and related equipment for the implementation of the ASKUE, taking into account the participation of domestic manufacturers in procurement procedures, the creation of service centers for the maintenance of ASKUE and metering devices in the country, as well as other interests of the Republic of Uzbekistan;

accelerated holding of international tenders for the purchase of modern metering devices and related equipment at the expense of borrowed funds of the Asian Development Bank, which ensures the completion of the implementation of the ASKUE throughout the republic no later than December 1, 2021.

JSC "Regional Electric Networks", when purchasing metering devices and related equipment from domestic manufacturers, ensure that their technical parameters comply with the requirements of tender documentation developed for international tenders.

(paragraphs four to ten of paragraph 3 as amended by Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated June 18, 2020 No. UP-6010 — National Database of Legislation, 06/18/2020, No. 06/20/6010/0776)

See the previous edition.

4. The Bureau of Compulsory Enforcement to ensure in 2019 the allocation of JSC "Regional Electric Networks" on a gratuitous basis of funds from the Development Fund of the Bureau of Compulsory Enforcement in the amount of 500 billion soums, not subject to taxation, for parallel financing of the purchase of electric energy metering devices and related equipment based on the selection of the best offers of domestic manufacturers.

(the first paragraph of paragraph 4 as amended by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated June 18, 2020 No. UP-6010 — National Database of Legislation, 06/18/2020, No. 06/20/6010/0776)

See the previous edition.

Exempt domestic manufacturers of electric energy metering devices for a period up to January 1, 2022 from paying customs duties (with the exception of customs clearance fees) for the import of components, raw materials and materials used for the production of electric energy metering devices and related equipment supplied under contracts concluded with JSC "Regional Electric Networks" within the framework of this resolution, as well as value-added tax on the sale of these electric energy metering devices and related equipment.

(the second paragraph of paragraph 4 as amended by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated June 18, 2020 No. UP-6010 — National Database of Legislation, 06/18/2020, No.06/20/6010/0776)

5. To approve the Plan of Practical measures for reforming the electric power industry in accordance with Appendix No. 2.

6. To form a Commission for the Reform of the Electric Power Industry (hereinafter referred to as the Commission) in accordance with Annex No. 3, assigning it jointly with the Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank Group:

a) development by May 1, 2019 of a long-term investment program for the expansion, modernization and diversification of generating capacities for the period up to 2030, bringing generating capacities to 20 thousand. MW;

b) development by March 1, 2019 of a modern scheme for the organization of production, transportation, distribution and sale of electric energy, while providing for the broad attraction of private, including foreign, direct investments in enterprises for the production and distribution (sale) of electric energy, including on the terms of public-private partnership, while maintaining full state control for the transportation of electricity, as well as the gradual formation of a modern wholesale electricity market based on competitive purchases of products directly from generating enterprises;

c) preparation and approval by April 1, 2019 of a methodology for calculating electricity tariffs based on covering current and capital expenditures, stimulating the involvement of the private sector in the electric power industry, while providing for the creation of an interdepartmental tariff commission under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan;

d) ensuring the introduction in 2019 of modern forms and methods of corporate governance, international financial reporting standards in electric power industry enterprises, as well as the issuance and placement of corporate bonds of industry enterprises on international markets;

e) approval by December 1, 2018 of the roadmap for the development of the regulatory framework, procedures and regulations of public-private partnership in the electric power industry;

f) elaboration with potential investors of new investment projects in the field of electric power industry on the terms of public-private partnership, based on the available resource base, modern technological trends and the use of alternative sources of electricity.

7. The Commission (A. N. Aripov) should submit a draft Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the formation of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Uzbekistan by December 15, 2018, entrusting it with the whole range of issues of organization and regulation of the activities of the fuel and energy complex of the republic.

See the previous edition.

8. The Ministry of Investment and Foreign Trade, together with the Ministry of Energy and the Agency for the Development of Public-Private Partnership under the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan, should ensure the beginning of 2019:

(paragraph one of paragraph 8 as amended by Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated June 18, 2020 No. UP-6010 — National Database of Legislation, 06/18/2020, no.06/20/6010/0776)

jointly with the International Finance Corporation to implement a pilot project for the construction of a solar photovoltaic plant with a capacity of 100 MW in Navoi region on the basis of a competitive selection;

together with international financial institutions, the implementation of pilot projects for the construction of a combined-cycle gas plant at one of the country's thermal power plants, as well as the modernization of electricity distribution networks in the cities of Andijan, Namangan, Ferghana on the terms of public-private partnership;

together with international financial institutions to develop the main parameters of the feasibility study for the project "Long-term lease of distribution networks in Tashkent".

See the previous edition.

9. To establish that payment for electric energy produced by hydroelectric power plants as part of Uzbekhydroenergo JSC is made taking into account value added tax by a body that, by the nature of its activity, is authorized by the state to carry out the function (powers) for guaranteed purchase of electric energy, from:

hydroelectric power plants operating on watercourses — at tariffs formed in the amount of 70 percent of the tariff established for consumers of the II tariff group;

regulating hydroelectric power plants connected with the regime of the electric power system regulated by the dispatcher — at tariffs formed in the amount of 100 percent of the tariff established for consumers of the II tariff group;

pumped storage power plants — at tariffs formed in the amount of 150 percent of the tariff established for consumers of the II tariff group.

(paragraph 9 as amended by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated September 9, 2022 No. UP-220 — National Database of Legislation, 10.09.2022, No. 06/22/220/0812)

10. Agree with the proposals of the Ministry of Finance, the Fund for Reconstruction and Development, the National Bank for Foreign Economic Activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan, JSCB "Uzpromstroybank", JSC "Uzbekenergo" and JSC "Uzbekhydroenergo" about:

prolongation for a period of 3 years of loans from the Fund for Reconstruction and Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan issued for co-financing projects of Uzbekenergo JSC, with a corresponding extension of the terms of final payments and restructuring of obligations of refinancing banks according to Appendix No. 4;

The reissue of a previously issued loan from Uzbekenergo JSC to Uzbekhydroenergo JSC to finance the investment project "Modernization of Charvak hydroelectric power plant hydro generators with replacement of impellers".

The Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan should make changes to the previously issued state guarantees for the obligations of Uzbekenergo JSC arising from this resolution.

11. The Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education, together with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan, JSC "Uzbekenergo" and JSC "Uzbekhydroenergo", within two months, submit proposals to the Cabinet of Ministers on the establishment of a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "National Research University "MEI" (Russian Federation) in the republic.

12. To the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan:

take measures to attract organizations that are professionally engaged in recruitment to hire highly qualified managers in the energy industry;

Together with the Prosecutor General's Office, within a month, to submit to the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan a draft law providing, inter alia, for improving the procedures for connecting alternative electricity producers to the unified energy system and implementing projects on the terms of public-private partnership.

13. JSC "Uzbekenergo" together with the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan and other interested departments:

by April 1, 2019, to develop and submit for approval to the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan regulations for connection to the unified energy system of business entities producing electric energy, including from alternative energy sources;

Within two months, submit proposals to the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on amendments and additions to the legislation arising from this resolution.

14. Control over the implementation of this resolution shall be entrusted to the Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan A. N. Aripov, Head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Uzbekistan Z. Sh. Nizomiddinov and Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan A. S. Sultanov.

President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoyev

1.3. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On approval of the strategy of modernization, accelerated and innovative development of the construction industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2021—2025» under the number UP-6119 dated 11/27/2020

In order to further improve the construction industry, to form mechanisms for the consistent development of architecture and construction bodies and institutions, to ensure the effectiveness of the public administration system, progressive introduction into the field of digital technologies:

1. To determine the main directions of modernization, accelerated and innovative development of the construction industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan:

urban development of territories and ensuring effective public participation in this process;

improving the quality and safety of urban development activities;

ensuring the efficiency, rationality and transparency of administrative procedures in the field of urban development, as well as improving the efficiency of organizations in the construction industry;

digitalization of urban planning activities, introduction of modern information and communication technologies into the industry;

improvement of the system of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel, development of scientific potential in the field of urban planning.

2. Approve:

Strategy of modernization, accelerated and innovative development of the construction industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan 2021-2025 (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy) according to Appendix No. 1;

The Roadmap for the implementation in 2021-2025 of the Strategy for Modernization, accelerated and innovative Development of the construction industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan in accordance with Appendix No. 2.

3. Set targets for the implementation of the Strategy of Modernization, accelerated and innovative development of the construction industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2021-2025 in accordance with Annex No. 3, providing:

improving the position of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the international index "Doing Business" (Doing Business Index) in the direction of "obtaining construction permits" (Dealing with Construction Permits) from the current 61.7 points to 78.2 points by the end of 2025;

achieving by 2025 the harmonization of national urban planning norms and rules with international norms and standards at a level of at least 50 percent, taking into account geological, climatic, seismological and other features of the Republic of Uzbekistan;

achieving coverage of all cities and 25 percent of urban settlements with master plans by 2025;

ensuring by 2025 the creation of an additional four electronic platforms within the framework of the National Information System "Transparent Construction", as well as their integration with interdepartmental information systems and databases;

achieving by 2025 the share of the introduction of the "volumetric" method of development of design and estimate documentation up to 50 percent of the total number of construction projects in the republic;

By 2025, one of the higher educational institutions in the field of architecture and construction will be included in the list of the best higher educational institutions in Asia (top 1000) in the ratings of internationally recognized organizations.

4. Establish the procedure according to which, from January 1, 2021, in order to ensure public control over construction:

a) general plans of settlements are approved taking into account the results of public discussion. At the same time , public discussion of the general plans of settlements is carried out in the following order:

Stage I — familiarization of citizens with the terms, place and procedure of public discussion;

Stage II — conducting public discussion (discussions, social surveys, collecting opinions of residents, land users and owners of real estate and other methods) on the draft general plan of the settlement;

Stage III — analysis of public opinion based on fixed results of public discussion;

Stage IV — informing the public about the results of public discussion in the media, including on the Internet;

b) the possibility of carrying out a public examination of the master plans of settlements for compliance with the rights and legitimate interests of legal entities and individuals, the interests of society and the state is being introduced;

c) a mechanism is being introduced for developing an alternative general plan of a settlement or making changes (adjustments) to it at the initiative of subjects of public control who do not agree with the proposed general plan of a settlement;

d) the organization of public discussion of the draft general plans of settlements is entrusted to the local public authorities.

5. Establish that from March 1, 2021:

a) the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures, including individual residential buildings, with a number of floors of more than two floors (excluding the ground floor), a height of more than 12 meters from the ground surface and (or) a total area of more than 500 square meters are carried out with the mandatory examination of the project documentation of the object and the establishment of state construction control of the object by territorial inspections on control in the field of construction under the Ministry of Construction;

b) it is prohibited:

developers — individuals and legal entities, with the exception of organizations engaged in construction and installation work as the main activity, independently (by economic means), without concluding a construction contract with a construction organization, to carry out the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures with more than two floors (excluding the ground floor), a height of more than 12 meters from the surface of the earth and (or) a total area of more than 500 square meters;

implementation of the construction of multi-storey apartment buildings on land plots located in the functional zones of the territories of settlements not intended for this type of construction;

increase in the number of storeys (superstructure) of existing buildings and structures, including individual housing, without examination of project documentation;

increase in the number of storeys of buildings and structures under construction (by changing the project documentation) without carrying out an examination of the modified project documentation;

c) a positive expert opinion on project documentation is recognized as valid if it is entered by an expert organization in the "Unified Register of Expert Opinions" of the National Information System "Transparent Construction", with the exception of expert opinions on project documentation containing information constituting a state secret.

6. To allow the Ministry of Construction to carry out public procurement of works (goods, services) for the development and processing of national regulatory documents in the field of technical regulation, state standards, as well as the adaptation of foreign regulatory documents in the field of urban development under direct contracts, followed by posting information about them on a special information portal of public procurement no later than three days from the date conclusions.

7. The Ministry of Construction (B. I. Zakirov), together with interested ministries and departments, should ensure:

within two months, the submission to the Cabinet of Ministers of a draft regulatory act providing for the improvement of the mechanism of legal regulation in the field of individual housing construction, paying special attention to ensuring seismic and fire safety in this area;

by December 1, 2020, submitting for approval to the Cabinet of Ministers a draft Temporary Regulation on the procedure for conducting electronic public procurement in the field of construction;

until June 1, 2021, the development of a Unified administrative building regulations providing for the regulation of all construction processes, from primary permits, the development of design estimates, its expertise to the commissioning of facilities;

By June 1, 2021, proposals will be submitted to the Cabinet of Ministers on the phased implementation of insurance principles in design, survey and construction activities based on the study of international best practices;

by August 1, 2021, the implementation of the anti—corruption compliance system of the Ministry of Construction, and by January 1, 2022 - obtaining a certificate of compliance with the international standard ISO:37001 (Anti-Corruption Management System);

until September 1, 2021, the creation of an electronic system "Attentive Citizen", which allows citizens to independently receive information about objects under construction, identify illegal construction, record (in the form of photo and video materials) detected violations at construction sites and send them to the authorized bodies for control in the field of construction;

Until March 1, 2022, the development of the "Zero Injuries on Construction Sites" Program based on the implementation of the Concept of the International Social Security Association (ISSA);

until July 1, 2022, the development and implementation of a territorial "design code" taking into account the intended purpose of elements of the urban environment, traditional architecture and culture, as well as natural and climatic conditions of the area;

starting from 2022, every year until December 1, the development and submission to the Cabinet of Ministers of a draft regulatory act on the approval of the Program of Measures for the implementation of this Strategy next year with an in-depth analysis of the implementation of the tasks of the current year.

8. The Ministry of Employment and Labor Relations (N. B. Khusanov) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (A. H. Kamilov), together with interested ministries and departments, to study the expediency of the Republic of Uzbekistan's accession to the International Labor Organization Convention No. 167 on Occupational Safety and Health in Construction (Geneva, June 20, 1988 year) and submit reasonable proposals to the Cabinet of Ministers based on the results.

9. The Ministry of Finance (T. A. Ishmetov), the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction (I. I. Norkulov) annually, when forming the parameters of the State Budget, provide for the allocation of the necessary funds in the areas of implementation of the measures specified in the «Roadmap» for the implementation of the Strategy.

10. Transfer the Main Department of Construction of the city of Tashkent and the departments of construction of districts of the city of Tashkent to the Ministry of Construction.

The Ministry of Construction (B. I. Zakirov) within two months to review the tasks, functions and organizational structures of the Main Department of Construction of the city of Tashkent and the departments of construction of districts of the city of Tashkent and make proposals to the Administration of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

11. Recommend to the Chambers of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan:

establishment of parliamentary control over the timely and effective implementation of the Strategy;

quarterly hearing at the meetings of the Senate and the Legislative Chamber of reports on the work done by ministries and departments, as well as the khokims of the regions and the city of Tashkent within the framework of the Strategy.

12. To amend some acts of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan in accordance with Appendix No. 4.

13. To the Ministry of Construction (B. I. Zakirov), together with other interested ministries and departments, within two months to submit proposals to the Cabinet of Ministers on amendments and additions to legislation arising from this Decree.

14. In order to effectively organize the execution of this Decree, the Deputy Prime Ministers (A. J. Ramatov, D. A. Kuchkarov, S. U. Umurzakov):

determine the priority tasks of the responsible ministries and departments to ensure the full and timely achievement of the indicators provided for by this Decree and coordinate their activities;

ensure timely allocation, targeted spending and full development of the necessary funds;

to hear monthly reports of responsible persons on the work done;

to make proposals on the application of measures of influence against officials who have not ensured the full and timely fulfillment of the tasks assigned to them, up to their dismissal from office;

To the Minister of Construction B. I. Zakirov:

within two weeks to create interdepartmental working groups on the planned priority areas of development of the construction industry;

take measures to promptly solve on-site the current problems arising in the process of achieving the indicators provided for by this Decree.

15. Quarterly discussion of the execution of this Decree, coordination and control over the activities of the bodies responsible for the execution, shall be entrusted to the First Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan A. J. Ramatov and Minister of Construction B. I. Zakirov.

To provide the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan with information on the effectiveness of the measures implemented at the end of each quarter.

President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh. Mirziyoyev

1.4. The strategy of modernization, accelerated and innovative development of the construction industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2021—2025, being the annex number UP-6119 dated 11/27/2020

Chapter 1. General provisions

The basis of the socio-economic development of the country is the formation of a safe and comfortable environment for human activity.

The construction industry plays a key role in creating the material and technical base of all spheres of the economy and meeting the needs of the population in comfortable housing, social and engineering infrastructure services, as well as cultural leisure.

The state policy in the field of construction is aimed at increasing the potential of the industry through the effective use of innovations, investments, labor and material resources in order to ensure the successful implementation of programs for the socio-economic development of the country, regions and industries.

At the same time, there are the following systemic problems that negatively affect the development of the construction industry:

regulatory documents in the field of technical regulation of urban planning activities are significantly outdated and do not take into account modern methods of architectural and construction work, the possibilities of widespread use of energy-efficient technologies and energy-saving materials;

the absence of master plans for most settlements or their non-compliance with the construction of buildings and structures negatively affect the complex development of territories, the placement of production and infrastructure facilities, the development of entrepreneurship, business and investment activity;

the trends of the current market of design and survey work often do not create prerequisites for the progressive development of the design business, the creation of high-tech, modern and unique architectural projects;

the imperfection of licensing procedures in the field of urban development and, as a result, the involvement of workers in construction and installation work on an illegal basis (without proper documentation), the growth of unauthorized buildings, the lack of necessary competence and qualifications of employees of construction organizations negatively affect the investment attractiveness of the construction industry and lead to a violation of safety requirements in the implementation of construction and installation works and subsequent operation of constructed buildings and structures;

the low level of introduction of modern information and communication technologies does not allow for maximum transparency and efficiency in the provision of public services to participants in investment processes and subjects of urban development;

the underdevelopment of applied construction science, weak scientific and material and technical potential of higher educational institutions do not allow the development of a system of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel.

The above-mentioned problems hinder the accelerated innovative development of the construction industry. In this regard, it is important to develop a strategy for modernization, accelerated and innovative development of the construction industry.

This Strategy of modernization, accelerated and innovative development of the construction industry for 2021-2025 (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy) was developed in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated March 13, 2020 No. UP—5963 "On additional measures to deepen reforms in the construction industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan".

The strategy defines the goals and priorities of development, directions of reforming the construction industry in 2021-2025 based on the study of the best practices of structural transformations of the construction sector of foreign countries and global trends in the development of urban development.

Chapter 2. Goals and objectives of the Strategy

The purpose of the Strategy is to carry out transformations in the construction industry aimed at the formation of modern management methods, increasing investment attractiveness in the implementation of projects and the introduction of innovative solutions.

The strategy provides for the following priority areas:

urban development of territories and ensuring effective public participation in this process;

improving the quality and safety of urban development activities;

ensuring transparency and rationality of administrative procedures in the field of urban development, as well as improving the efficiency of organizations in the construction industry;

digitalization of urban planning activities, introduction of modern information and communication technologies into the industry;

improvement of the system of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel, development of scientific potential in the field of urban planning.

Chapter 3. Main directions of the Strategy

§1. Urban development of territories and ensuring effective public participation in this process

Urban development of territories is carried out through their sustainable development, ensuring the harmonization of economic and social prerequisites for the use and development of the territory, in compliance with the following principles:

a) creation and preservation of conditions for a decent human life both in populated and uninhabited territories;

b) creation of equal prerequisites for the economic, social and environmental development of the country, preservation and proper provision of long-term development potential;

c) development of polycentral structure of settlements, improvement of links between the city and the village with the help of urban means;

d) in comparison with the development of new uninhabited territories, the provision of advantages to the renewal and intensification of the use of existing territories of settlements, lean land use, as well as the preservation of various possibilities for the use of space in the future;

e) protection of the system of uninhabited territories and preservation of the formed natural and cultural diversity;

f) transformation of a locality with poorly developed infrastructure into an independent (self-sufficient) functional unit based on partnership with cities and other development centers;

g) effective compliance of services and transport/engineering infrastructure with the system of populated and uninhabited territories, accessibility of communications and information throughout the country, development of social infrastructure, promotion and promotion of economic activity;

h) promoting the formation of an integrated transport system in settlements and providing advantages to public transport;

i) maximum reduction of the negative impact of transport/engineering infrastructure on the environment, overcoming other expected negative impacts;

j) protection and preservation of historical and cultural ties, cultural and natural landscapes, their characteristic features, historical and natural monuments;

k) conservation and development of protected areas and recreational areas; conservation, protection and restoration of soils, water, flora, fauna and climate;

m) protection of populated and uninhabited territories from natural, man-made and social threats and emergencies through appropriate planning solutions, engineering and organizational and economic measures;

h) preservation of promising places for the development of renewable energy, creation of spatial and territorial solutions that contribute to the absorption of greenhouse gases from atmospheric air;

o) preservation and sustainable development of natural and cultural landscapes, especially by promoting the development of agricultural territories and multifunctional compact settlements;

p) taking into account the seismic position in the process of spatial planning and urban planning.

In order to ensure a decent environment for human activity, environmental protection, natural resources and cultural heritage and to achieve a balance of public and private interests, it is also advisable to increase the role of the public in the issue of urban development of territories.

In connection with the above, the Strategy provides for the implementation of the following activities:

1) development of a general scheme of settlement throughout the country and schemes of district planning of the territories of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and oblasts in order to consolidate the placement of new and development of existing settlements in conjunction with long-term forecasts of socio-economic and investment development;

2) development and implementation of a territorial "Design code" taking into account the intended purpose of elements of the urban environment, traditional architecture and culture, as well as natural and climatic conditions of the area;

3) the use of elements of "Smart City" technologies with the introduction of a set of standards for mathematical (3D) modeling of the urban environment;

4) achieving by 2025 the full coverage of settlements with territorial development schemes (master plans, master plan schemes, architectural and planning organization of the territory);

5) giving the general plans of settlements the status of a public document providing strategic planning of integrated urban development, as well as regulation of land use and development of territories of settlements;

6) putting into practice the procedure for approving general plans of settlements, taking into account the results of their public discussion;

7) creation of uniform standards for the development and application of urban planning documentation;

8) study of advanced foreign experience in the field of urban planning, including with the involvement of leading foreign specialists and organizations with a reliable reputation and experience to participate in the development of architectural and urban planning projects.

§2. Improving the quality and safety of urban development activities

Ensuring the proper quality and safety of buildings and structures is possible in the presence of modern standards for the design, construction and operation of buildings and structures, and their compliance with the subjects of urban development. It is also necessary to improve labor protection systems, prevent accidents at construction sites during construction and installation work.

When implementing the Strategy in this area, the following principles should be followed:

a) the development of regulatory documents in the field of technical regulation regarding the design and construction of buildings and structures should take into account the best foreign practice;

b) buildings and structures must comply with the requirements of human health, environment, safety and landscaping;

c) buildings and structures must be designed and erected in such a way as to ensure their maximum durability;

d) regulatory documents in the field of technical regulation regarding the design and construction of buildings, structures and public spaces should provide for the following requirements:

for architectural parameters and aesthetic characteristics of buildings and structures;

structural strength, stability and reliability of buildings and structures;

fire safety, health and environmental protection, safety during the operation of buildings and structures;

to ensure the possibility of using buildings, structures and public space by persons with disabilities;

on energy efficiency of buildings and their protection from noise;

on the use of renewable energy in buildings and structures.

In connection with the above, the Strategy provides for the implementation of the following activities:

1) harmonization of national documents in the field of technical regulation with foreign regulatory documents, taking into account geological, climatic, seismological and other features of the territories;

2) development of regulatory documents in the field of technical regulation aimed at improving the safety and energy efficiency of buildings and structures, the use of innovative technologies during the life cycle of the facility;

3) development of general technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures, including requirements for fire and mechanical safety of structures and foundations of buildings and structures, including in difficult natural and man-made conditions;

4) implementation of systems of "non-destructive testing" of structural elements of buildings and structures aimed at tracking the "behavior" of load-bearing structures, timely prevention of accidents and improving safety with the consolidation of information into specialized databases within the framework of the National Information System "Transparent Construction";

5) step-by-step implementation of the principles of risk insurance in design, survey and construction activities based on the study of world experience;

6) introduction of a system of periodic certification of employees of authorized bodies and organizations providing public services and carrying out licensing procedures, examination of project documentation, as well as control in the field of construction;

7) increasing the role of non-governmental non-profit organizations, in particular the Union of Architects of Uzbekistan and the Association of Consulting Engineers of Uzbekistan, in organizing trainings, seminars, master classes, training courses in the field of architecture and construction with the involvement of leading foreign architects, design engineers and builders;

8) implementation of outsourcing principles in the provision of engineering services (including author's and technical control);

9) integration of mentor—student mentoring principles in project and contract work;

10) stimulating the use of modern information modeling technologies at all stages of the life cycle of a construction object by all participants in urban planning activities (customer, designer, contractor, operating organization);

11) taking measures for the accession of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the International Labour Organization Convention No. 167 on Occupational safety and Health in Construction;

12) ensuring the implementation of the Occupational Safety Management System at construction industry facilities in accordance with the system of occupational safety standards and the international standard ISO:45001, which provides for the identification of potential threats, assessment, control and management of occupational risks at construction sites;

13) development of the "Zero Injuries on Construction Sites" Program based on the implementation of the Concept of the International Social Security Association (ISSA);

14) introduction of a system of advanced training of specialists in the field of occupational safety of construction contractors and obtaining a qualification certificate of a specialist in occupational safety with the aim of further development of professional skills in occupational safety and health;

15) introduction of a system of investments in personnel, motivation through the participation of employees in matters of compliance with safety and hygiene requirements in the workplace.

§3. Ensuring the efficiency, rationality and transparency of administrative procedures in the field of urban development, as well as improving the efficiency of organizations in the construction industry

Efficiency, rationality and transparency of administrative procedures in the field of urban development is the key to improving the business and investment climate. The progressive improvement of licensing procedures will create a solid foundation for the liberalization and reform of the permit system, favorable conditions for the activities of business entities by eliminating unnecessary bureaucratic barriers.

It is planned to ensure the efficiency, rationality and transparency of administrative procedures within the framework of the Strategy by implementing the following measures:

1) improving the position of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the international index "Doing business" in the direction of "Obtaining construction permits";

2) cardinal improvement of licensing and permitting procedures for subjects of urban development;

3) simplification of licensing procedures for the allocation of land plots for the construction of business facilities;

4) improvement of the procedure for conducting public procurement procedures for design and contract work through the introduction of an electronic tender platform and a rating of design and survey and construction contracting organizations;

5) introduction of a system of professional certification by non-governmental organizations of specialists in the field of design and construction, as well as accreditation of these non-profit organizations by the Ministry of Construction;

6) conducting an in-depth analysis of the pricing procedure in construction, identifying existing problems and developing appropriate solutions, if necessary, through cooperation with international financial institutions, international consulting companies and foreign experts;

7) step-by-step implementation of the "volumetric" method of development of design and estimate documentation and, on its basis, the implementation of construction and installation works by subjects of urban development (customer, designer and contractor):

Stage I — comparison of "resource" and "volume" methods and, based on its results, preparation of proposals for the implementation of the "volume" method;

Stage II — pilot application of the "volumetric" method in the framework of projects funded from non-centralized sources;

Stage III — gradual introduction of the "volumetric" method in the relationship between the subjects of urban development;

8) implementation of the electronic platform "National Classifier of Building Materials", designed to indicate (identify) the detailed technical characteristics of building materials;

9) abolition of the requirements for the state examination of the estimated part of the pre-project and project documentation with parallel elaboration of alternative mechanisms for determining the cost of construction based on market principles and contractual relations between the customer, the designer and the contractor;

10) radical reform of the system of technical customers in the field of construction for facilities financed from state and equivalent sources of financing, by attracting private business entities to perform the functions of technical customers;

11) stimulating the use of modern project management methods (benchmarking, ERP systems, event modeling, etc.) by private business entities performing the functions of the customer.;

12) popularization of modern project management services (customer services, engineering services, etc.) for project initiators (legal entities and individuals);

13) transformation of state design institutes by:

attracting foreign experts to conduct financial and technological audits of state design and survey organizations;

development of commercial development concepts, including technical, economic and financial indicators, for each state design institute;

search for and conduct negotiations with investors and successfully operating construction companies in order to attract investment and (or) ensure cooperation of construction organizations with state design organizations;

reduction of the share of state participation in the activities of design and survey organizations;

14) ensuring the possibility of accelerating the financing of construction contractors at the expense of mortgage loans of equity construction participants issued by commercial banks during the construction and installation works, with the condition of registration of the mortgage object after the state registration of the real estate object;

15) auctioning of land plots for the construction of multi-apartment residential buildings with promising urban development potential, provided with sufficient capacity of the supply engineering, communication and road transport infrastructure, taking into account:

the study and analysis of the projected need for the prospective acquisition of residential property by the population;

setting requirements that ensure the guaranteed fulfillment of the relevant investment conditions by investors;

16) continuation of the course of active attraction of funds from international financial institutions for concessional lending of housing construction on the basis of equity participation;

17) development, with the involvement of international consulting companies, of commercial concepts for the development of residential territories in the regions of the republic, aimed at offering investors the implementation of projects for the creation of residential complexes with a deep analysis of urbanization processes for the future;

18) introduction of new types of building materials into production through deep processing of industrial, construction and solid household waste, aimed at saving raw materials;

19) expanding the use of energy-efficient and energy-saving materials in construction (aerated concrete, foam concrete, polystyrene concrete, basalt-based thermal insulation materials, polystyrene-filled sandwich panels and others), equipment and appliances (solar panels and convectors, presence and motion sensors, temperature controllers, electronic plumbing and others);

20) widespread implementation of the energy audit system of buildings and structures with the formation of an analytical database on their energy efficiency classes;

21) carrying out geological exploration for the development of new deposits of reserves/ deposits of natural decorative and finishing stone (granite, marble, travertine, etc.), followed by the production of export-oriented products;

22) study of the availability of stocks and the possibilities of using alternative building materials replacing traditional clay bricks;

23) expansion of capacities for the production of building materials with the use of resource-saving technologies, renewable and alternative types of fuel and energy resources replacing natural gas;

24) increasing the level of localization of finished products for construction purposes, expanding intersectoral industrial cooperation;

25) development of incentive mechanisms for enterprises that have implemented processes for the production of building materials using energy-saving technologies;

26) implementation of the cluster construction system through the formation of joint associations based on cooperation (production and construction, investment and construction and design and construction clusters), taking into account the study of the best foreign practices;

27) introduction of a system of cluster exchange of experience and training of craftsmen and highly qualified specialists in certain areas of construction and installation processes.

§4. Digitalization of urban planning activities, introduction of modern information and communication technologies into the industry

Digitalization of urban development is relevant in many areas. Successful participants of the construction market are actively introducing digital information technologies into their activities, which cover almost all business processes (from recruitment to contract execution control). Augmented reality technologies, the Internet of Things, 3D printing, generative design, machine learning, technologies based on the three-dimensional representation of buildings and structures, and many other technologies that make it easier for people to make decisions are gaining great popularity.

The main attention of the state in the field of digitalization of urban development activities is concentrated in the following areas:

implementation of urban planning procedures in digital format (in electronic form, in electronic form);

provision of storage of documents of urban development activities in electronic form;

collection and analysis of statistical information collected automatically about the processes of urban development;

introduction of information modeling technology for construction objects at all stages of their life cycle.

In connection with the above, the Strategy provides for the implementation of the following activities:

1) achieving the coverage of the functioning in all regions of the republic of the introduced electronic platforms of the National Information System "Transparent Construction", providing full-fledged monitoring of construction projects, comprehensive quality control of construction works, examination of design and estimate documentation, transparency and efficiency of procurement procedures in the field of construction, development of the rating system of construction contractors and design organizations;

2) integration of electronic platforms of the National Information System "Transparent Construction" and the Geographical Information System "State Urban Cadastre of the Republic of Uzbekistan" (hereinafter — Geoportal) with interdepartmental information systems and databases;

3) ensuring full entry into the Geoportal databases of developed and approved urban planning documents (master plans and architectural planning organizations of territories);

4) creation of a public electronic database "Regulatory documents in the field of construction" on the basis of a Scientific and technical Library of regulatory documents in the field of technical regulation to ensure open access to the public and investors to regulatory documents in the field of construction;

5) creation of the "Attentive Citizen" system, which allows citizens to independently receive information about objects under construction, identify illegal construction, record (in the form of photo and video materials) detected violations at construction sites and send them to the authorized bodies for control in the field of construction;

6) strengthening the material and technical base of the territorial divisions and organizations of the Ministry of Construction by fully covering broadband access to Internet resources, providing modern IT technologies, equipping with modern server and computer equipment and copying equipment;

7) training of subjects of urban planning activity and the population in the use of electronic platforms of the National Information System "Transparent Construction" and Geoportal in order to develop their skills and competencies in using these software products;

8) providing wide coverage of the functionality of electronic platforms of the National Information System "Transparent Construction" and Geoportal in the media;

9) gradual expansion of the functionality of subsystems and electronic databases of the National Information System "Transparent Construction", as well as system modernization and updating of the Geoportal in conjunction with the clarification of the existing number of objects of the state urban cadastre, the inclusion, if necessary, of additional subsystems and electronic databases;

10) creation and maintenance of an electronic geofund of engineering and technical surveys with the inclusion of executive surveys of completed construction objects in the geofund database;

11) further digitalization and automation of public services provided in the field of construction;

12) ensuring information security of implemented information systems and electronic databases.

§5. Improvement of the system of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel, development of scientific potential in the field of urban planning

Improving the quality of personnel training and the development of scientific potential are the fundamental platform of "smart" urban planning. The effectiveness of the use of modern and innovative methods in the development of education and science will increase the level of international recognition, the effectiveness of the emergence of new talents, expand the architectural and construction horizons of specialists, as well as activate copyrights for competitive scientific developments.

In this connection, the Strategy provides for the implementation of the following activities:

1) ensuring the connection of professional educational institutions of architectural and construction direction located in the regions to the National network "Electronic Education";

2) introduction to the practice of coaching in architectural and construction colleges and technical schools for the development of various special skills;

3) creation of a system to stimulate the involvement of talented young people in scientific and creative activities in the field of architecture and construction, including by supporting professional competitions for young scientists;

4) formation of mechanisms for effective interaction between science and the real sector through the development of centers for adaptation and transfer of technologies and innovations, regular monitoring of the needs of participants in the construction industry in knowledge, skills and technological solutions;

5) attracting foreign higher educational institutions in the field of architecture and construction to carry out educational activities in the Republic of Uzbekistan by opening their branches, exchanging experience, attracting foreign architects and engineers to teach in domestic educational institutions, creating joint educational programs in the most popular specialties for the industry, with the assignment of a double diploma to graduates;

6) the use of modern and innovative teaching methods, the expansion of the coverage of architectural and construction colleges and technical schools with modern pedagogical and information technologies for the training of qualified personnel in demand in the labor market;

7) expansion of training services for specialists within the framework of short-term courses with the involvement of qualified masters of industrial training and engineering and technical workers, with the issuance of special certificates of conformity to the profession identifying the specialty of students according to the chosen profession, as well as the introduction of a system of identification and monitoring of special certificates in the Unified national labor system;

8) restoration of the system of experimental design and construction, support for the development of network forms of organization of scientific, scientific, technological and innovative activities, including research, engineering and production consortia, cluster forms of development;

9) regular professional development of teachers of architectural and construction colleges and technical schools, ensuring an integrated approach and effective selection of teachers from the most experienced staff using modern information and communication technologies;

10) preparation of a series of industry textbooks and textbooks of a new generation, taking into account development trends and ongoing reforms in the construction sector, with the involvement of foreign scientists and specialists, as well as providing translation into Uzbek of advanced foreign literature for professional educational institutions in the field of architecture and construction;

11) taking the necessary measures to include one of the higher educational institutions in the field of architecture and construction in the list of the best higher educational institutions in Asia (top 1,000) by 2025 in the ratings of internationally recognized organizations, as well as ensuring the improvement of its position in the national ranking;

12) improving the efficiency and effectiveness of fundamental, exploratory and applied scientific research and development in the field of architecture and construction;

13) development of mutually beneficial international scientific and scientific-technical cooperation, participation of domestic scientists and organizations in international scientific unions, associations and other professional associations;

14) taking measures to improve the rating of scientific journals in the field of architecture and construction;

15) creation and updating on a systematic basis of training programs for employees of the Ministry of Construction system, taking into account innovations in legislation;

16) strengthening the work on the organization of foreign practices, seminars, master classes and training courses for employees of construction bodies and institutions with the participation of international experts. Intensification of cooperation with representatives of international organizations and foreign donors on the implementation of joint projects in this direction;

17) introduction of HR management system in the system of architecture and construction bodies and institutions, creation on this basis of a positive image of the Ministry of Construction with the development of an effective system of support, management and control of personnel;

18) application of new recruitment methods (online recruitment, active headhunting) aimed at attracting qualified personnel to the system of construction bodies and institutions;

19) improvement of the personnel evaluation and motivation system:

implementation of the KPI system in the system of the Ministry of Construction;

introduction of new methods of employee motivation (employee performance rating system, departmental incentive programs, etc.);

20) implementation of measures for the effective implementation of the anti-corruption compliance system for the implementation and coordination of the anti-corruption policy of the Ministry of Construction;

21) reforming the system of analysis and statistical reporting through the creation of an information and analytical center based on the principles of public-private partnership, the main tasks of which will be the construction of "reliable statistics of urban development", collected mainly in automatic mode on the basis of reliable basic parameters of activity, in order to make targeted decisions that allow building predictive models of industry development.

Chapter 4. Ensuring monitoring of the Strategy implementation targets

In order to achieve the goals of modernization, accelerated and innovative development of the construction industry in a timely manner, it is necessary to ensure the following targets of the Strategy:

improving the position of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the international Doing Business Index in the direction of "Obtaining construction permits" (Dealing with Construction Permits) from the current 61.7 points to 78.2 points by the end twothousandtwentyfive;

achieving by 2025 the harmonization of national urban planning norms and rules with international norms and standards at a level of at least 50 percent, taking into account geological, climatic, seismological and other features of the Republic of Uzbekistan;

achieving coverage of all cities and 25 percent of urban settlements with master plans by 2025;

ensuring by 2025 the creation of an additional four electronic platforms within the framework of the National Information System "Transparent Construction", as well as their integration with interdepartmental information systems and databases;

achieving by 2025 the share of the introduction of the "volumetric" method of development of design and estimate documentation up to 50 percent of the total number of construction projects in the republic;

By 2025, one of the higher educational institutions in the field of architecture and construction will be included in the list of the best higher educational institutions in Asia (top 1,000) in the ratings of internationally recognized organizations.

The Ministry of Construction will carry out, within its competence, systematic monitoring of the implementation of the Strategy, general coordination, prompt consideration and resolution of problematic issues that hinder modernization, accelerated and innovative development of the construction industry.

Conclusions

It can be seen from the above, as it was noted, that extremely great attention is paid to the field of energy, including alternative and renewable energy sources, on a national scale, which also indicates that it is necessary and important to pay attention to all citizens, scientists, youth, organizations and others in this direction. It is for this reason that a variety of studies and practical work are being actively carried out today, an example of which is the establishment of a small-SES for 120 kWh of energy on the territory of FerGU and other projects in this area, and the result of one of which was this monograph.

Chapter 2. The concept of solar physics

1. The sun as a luminary

During its existence, humanity has been able to determine its location in the visible universe, and has already begun to study its galaxy — the Milky Way, where it is located. And although there are a lot of sources of light and heat in the galaxy, called stars, the main star for the entire human civilization is the only star that gave its name to the system of planets around it, among which is the planet Earth, namely the Sun. As you know, there are several planets orbiting the Sun — its satellites, as well as dwarf planets, their satellites, asteroids, meteoroids, comets and cosmic dust in general, which makes up the same Solar System.

And before studying the whole direction in energy, which gave rise after so much time in the XX — XXI centuries, this star, forever warming all its satellites, it is necessary to consider in detail from all possible sides this star itself, to study its features and characteristics. The Sun itself is a star, such as a yellow dwarf or G2V. The average density of the star itself is 1.4 g/cm3, which is 1.4 times more than that of water. If we consider a hypothetical absolutely black body comparable to the size of the Sun in such a way to characterize its luminosity, then we can get the value of the effective temperature, which for the Sun is 5780 Kelvin, which is why the Sun shines with almost white light, and a known yellow hue is acquired in the layers of the atmosphere of our planet.

But if you fix the same light, but in completely clear weather, then it will again take an even position. As you know, Solar radiation supports the existence of life on the only habitable planet in the Solar System, namely on Earth, thanks to which there is such a phenomenon as photosynthesis and the presence of a favorable climate.

Turning to more precise parameters, it can be indicated that the Sun generates as much energy per second as the whole of humanity has not yet generated during its entire existence, namely 3,827 * 1026 watts. By its structure, to a large extent, the Sun consists of hydrogen, where its total amount is about 73% and helium, containing about 25% and other elements with a lower concentration. It is important to say here that in astrophysics all elements heavier than helium are called "metals" and their total content in the Sun does not exceed 2% in total.

Among them, the most common are oxygen, carbon, neon, nitrogen, iron, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, argon, aluminum, nickel, sodium and calcium. For comparison, for every million hydrogen atoms there are 98,000 helium atoms, 851 oxygen atoms, 123 neon atoms, 100 nitrogen atoms, 47 iron atoms, 38 magnesium atoms, 35 silicon atoms, 16 sulfur atoms, 4 argon atoms, 3 aluminum atoms and a total of 2 nickel atoms, sodium, calcium and more fewer other elements. In total, the mass of the Sun is an astronomical unit and is 1.98847 * 1030 kg, which is 99.866% of the total mass of the Solar System.

Judging by the spectrum of the Sun, it also contains radiation lines of ionized and neutral metals, along with hydrogen and helium, of course. And if there are 200 to 400 billion stars in the Milky Way, then as many as 85% of all these stars are less bright than the Sun, these are mostly red dwarfs. Of course, the Sun, like all stars, uses in the process of its vital activity, very actively, thermonuclear synthesis of helium extraction from hydrogen, by merging two hydrogen nuclei, with the formation of additional neutrons.

The energy released in this case in 99% of cases is generated precisely due to the proton-proton cycle. This cycle consists of several stages, namely, the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms initially collide, after which one positron and a neutrino are formed, after which the energy becomes sufficient to form one neutron, after which a deuteron is formed — a nucleus consisting of a proton and a neutron, which, after merging with one proton, releasing a gamma quantum forms helium-3 is a fairly rapidly decaying isotope of helium. But if this isotope has time to merge with the same isotope, formed already in another identical chain, then by separating two protons, one stable helium-4 nucleus is formed.

Although for more massive stars, the CNO cycle is more predominant and more often used. This is a set of 3 cycles of helium formation, which are interconnected. Because it occurs in more massive stars, they have nuclei of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. The first stage, called CN, begins by bombarding a stable carbon nucleus with a proton to form a nitrogen-13 isotope with the generation of a gamma quantum and a total energy of 1.94 MeV. This reaction takes quite a long time, becoming almost a source, namely about 13 million years.

Meanwhile, the formed nitrogen-13 begins to decay into carbon-13, positron, electron neutrino and releasing an additional 2.22 MeV of energy, or 1.2 MeV without taking into account the annihilation of the positron. It should be noted that the half-life of nitrogen-13 is only 9.96 minutes. Although the entire decay reaction takes place in less time, namely in 7 minutes, further, when carbon-13 collides with a proton, nitrogen-14 is formed with the release of a gamma quantum and energy, respectively, which is equal to 7.55 MeV, while the reaction lasts 2.6 million years.

The next stage is another proton bombardment, of which there are simply an incredible amount in massive stars, like hydrogen isotopes, already carbon-14 with the release of a gamma quantum and oxygen-15, with the generation of 7.3 MeV. This reaction will last as long as 320 million years.

The formed oxygen-15 will decompose into nitrogen-15, positron and electron neutrino with the formation of 2.75 MeV of energy. Or 1.73 MeV is generated without taking into account the same positron annihilation, with a half-life of oxygen-15 in 122.24 seconds. And finally, as a result, the nitrogen-15 formed during proton bombardment turns back into carbon-12 with the release of the long-awaited alpha particle or isotope of stable helium-4 with the release of an additional 4.96 MeV, such a reaction lasts relatively short 110 thousand years.

Due to such long periods of reaction, stars have the possibility of a long existence, especially giants. And due to the fact that the reaction started with carbon to form nitrogen and ended with nitrogen to form carbon, this cycle is called the CN cycle. But he, as it was indicated, does not act alone and this is only the first cycle, the next is the NO cycle. It is based on the bombardment of nitrogen-14 by a proton with the formation of oxygen and a gamma quantum, with energies of 7.29 MeV. This reaction lasts 320 million years.

The next stage of the second cycle continues with the decay of oxygen-15 into nitrogen-15, positron and electron neutrino and 2.76 MeV in 82 seconds of the reaction flow. The formed nitrogen-15 is then immediately bombarded with protons to form stable oxygen-16 and a gamma-ray quantum with an energy of 12.13 MeV. Further, this oxygen is also bombarded with protons and fluorine-17 is already formed with gamma quanta with an energy of only 600 keV and further decay of fluorine into oxygen-17, positron and electron neutrino, energy, respectively, is 2.76 MeV.

And finally, the final stage of the second cycle is based on the bombardment of oxygen-17 by a proton and the formation of nitrogen-14 and the cherished alpha particle - the nucleus of stable helium—4, with an outgoing energy of 1.19 MeV. At the same time, the same principle applies that the first reaction was based on the production of oxygen-15 from nitrogen-14 and the final formation of the same nitrogen-14 from oxygen-17, therefore the reaction is a NO I-cycle, but there is also a NO II-cycle.

In this case, either the first or the second cycle occurs, or both cycles together. The second cycle is based on the fact that nitrogen-15, also stable, is bombarded with protons, oxygen-16 is formed and a gamma quantum with an energy of 12.13 MeV is generated. This oxygen-16, of course, is stable and after proton bombardment forms fluorine-17 with a gamma quantum of 600 keV. This is followed by the decay of fluorine-17 with the release of 2.76 MeV, also oxygen-17, positron and electron neutrino. Oxygen-17 after bombardment forms the next isotope of fluorine — the 18th, as well as a gamma quantum with 5.61 MeV. This fluorine-18 decays into the same oxygen-18, positron and electron neutrino with a total energy of 1.656 MeV.

This cycle is completed by the reaction of proton bombardment of oxygen-18 with the formation of nitrogen-15 and alpha particles with an energy of 3.98 MeV. So you can imagine CN, NO I and NO II, which together form the same triple CNO cycle.

After considering the cycles of nuclear fusion of large stars, one can also point out the fact that the distance of the only star in the Solar System from the only planet containing life is 149.6 million km, which is approximately equal to an astronomical unit, which is exactly equal to 149,597,870,700 meters. Also, the Sun has an apparent angular diameter, when observed from Earth, that is, the deviation at the corners when observed from a certain point, and for the Sun this value ranges from 31-32 minutes, that is, a little more than half a degree.

The absolute fact is the location of the Solar System and, accordingly, the Sun itself in the Milky Way galaxy, as well as the distance from the center of the galaxy — the Sagittarius A* quasar by 26,000 light-years, being in a box orbit. At the same time, it takes 225-250 million years for one revolution in the galaxy, depending on the trajectory, while the orbital speed of the Sun is 217 km/s. From this we can conclude that the distance of one light-year star passes in 1400 Earth years, and one previously named astronomical unit in 8 Earth days.

Currently, the Sun is located in the inner edge of the Orion arm, whose thickness is about 3,500 light-years and 11,000 in length, it is also sometimes called the local arm and it is located between the great arm of Perseus and Sagittarius, moving through the local interstellar cloud. The region of the interstellar cloud itself is located in a Local bubble that already has a lower density, this is already a zone of high-temperature scattered interstellar gas. If we consider the nearest stars at a distance of 17 light-years to the Sun, of which there are 50, the Sun is in fourth place in brightness.

As a result, the average distance to the Sun is 149.6 million meters or 8.31 light minutes or about 1 astronomical unit, as mentioned. And the angle at which the equatorial radius of the Earth is visible from the average distance of the Sun, called the parallax of the Sun or the daily parallax, averages 8,794 minutes. The apparent magnitude or comparative measure of brightness from Earth in the absence of an atmosphere is -26.74m, and the absolute magnitude in the full sense, giving the 4th place among the nearby stars is 4.83m. According to the spectral class, the Sun is classified as G2V.

If we turn to the parameters of the orbit, then the distance from the center of the galaxy is approximately 2.5 * 1020 m or 26,000 light—years, and the distance from the plane of the galaxy is relatively less - 4.6 * 1017 m or 48 light-years. The period of rotation, as indicated, is 225-250 million years, with a velocity relative to the center of 220 thousand m/ s or 19.4 km / s relative to neighboring stars.

The actual parameters of the Sun, an example of which is the diameter of 1.392 billion meters or 109 diameters of the Earth. At the radius, the radius is 695.51 million meters and from the same equator, the circumference is 4.37 billion meters, making up a surface area of 6.07877 * 1018 m2 or 11918 areas of the Earth. In volume, the Sun is much larger and amounts to 1.40927 * 1027 m3 or 1,301,019 volumes of the Earth with a mass of 332,940 Earth masses or 1.9885 * 1030 kg. Accordingly, the average density is 1.409 g/cm3.

And if the acceleration of gravity at the Earth's equator is equal to 9.81 m / s2, then the same value on the Sun will be 274 m/ s2, which is 27.96 times more. The second cosmic velocity for the Sun is equal to 617.7 km/s or 55.2 terrestrial for the surface, of course. And the temperature of the root is about 1.5 million K, when the core temperature is 15.7 million K.

The sun is tilted relative to the plane of the galaxy by 67.23 degrees and 7.25 degrees relative to the plane of the ecliptic. And the length of the arc of the celestial equator from the point of the vernal equinox on the Sun to the circle of declination of the luminary, which is called direct solar ascension, is only 19 hours, 4 minutes and 30 seconds, or 286.13 degrees. The declination of the north pole at the deviation is +63.87 degrees, and the sidereal period for the outer visible layers is on average 25.38 days, or more precisely 25 days 9 hours 7 minutes and 13 seconds, at a latitude of 16 degrees. At the equator, this value is 25.05 days, at the poles — 34.3 days. Also at the equator, the rotation speed of the outer layers is 7284 km/h.

According to its composition, to be more precise than mentioned earlier, we can note the presence of 73.46% hydrogen, 24.85% helium, 0.77% oxygen, 0.29% carbon, 0.16% iron, 0.12% neon, 0.09% nitrogen, 0.07% silicon, 0.05% magnesium and 0.04% sulfur. One of the most important values relative to the Sun is the luminosity or generated energy, which is 3,828 * 1026 Watts or approximately 3.75 *1028 Lm, and speaking of the energy brightness on the surface of the Sun, it is equal to a value of 20.07 MW/ (m2 * cp).

The stellar population of the visible universe has several divisions and the Sun belongs to the first type of this stellar population. According to the conducted studies, an abnormal amount of gold and uranium can be observed in the substance of the Solar System, which could be the result of endothermic reactions, in order to explain this, it is necessary to assume the emergence of the Solar System due to the explosion of several supernovae.

It was such an explosion that could cause such an active nuclear transformation of elements by absorbing neutrons by the substance of a massive second-generation star. At the same time, it is important to remember that solar radiation is the main source of energy on Earth, a planet whose size is several million times smaller than the size of the star itself. At the same time, the power of the Sun itself is characterized by a solar constant — the radiation power passing through the site of a unit area, perpendicular to the sun's rays and located at a distance of one astronomical unit from the Sun, that is, in the Earth's orbit outside the Earth's atmosphere and is equal to 1.37 kW/m2.

After passing through the atmosphere, the properties of which will be described in detail later, solar radiation loses energy to about 370 W/m2, and only 1 kW/m2 reaches the earth's surface, in clear weather and when the Sun is at the zenith. This energy can be actively used in various natural and artificial processes, including photosynthesis, which is represented as the synthesis of organic compounds with the release of oxygen.

And also, as you can already see, direct heating by solar rays or energy conversion with the help of solar cells can be used to extract electrical energy from solar power plants, which will be discussed in detail later, but initially it is necessary to dwell in more detail on the Sun itself. Also, the energy of the Sun can be used to perform other useful work that can act extremely long—term, a vivid example of this is the formation of oil and fossil fuels due to the action of photosynthesis in the future.

The sun also has ultraviolet radiation, which contributes to a number of effects on Earth, including its use as an excellent antiseptic, and it also leads to the formation of sunburn and active production of vitamin D. But to the great joy of all living beings, the ozone layer of the planet is a powerful shield in the way of strong ultraviolet radiation, passing only a small part of it.

Such filtration, carried out by nature, is extremely necessary for the existence of life on the planet. It also creates a dependence of solar intensity and latitude, the very factor of difference from the maximum radiation at noon in areas closer to the equator has a biological effect, including a change in the skin color of residents.

A star, being in the sky in a year, passes along various paths that can be depicted as the number 8, such a path is called an analemma and it is elongated relative to the north-south line for the reason that the Earth tilts relative to the plane of the ecliptic for all seasons to the plane of the celestial equator by 23.5 degrees, which leads to fluctuations of the luminary within 47 degrees. But fluctuations can also occur relative to the east-west axis, which occurs due to the approach of the Earth to perihelion.

In addition, the Earth is approaching and moving away from the Sun due to the ellipsoid shape of the planet's orbit according to Kepler's laws. So at the beginning of July, the Earth passes through aphelion, moving away at a distance of 152 million kilometers, and at the beginning of January it approaches the Sun by 147 million kilometers, while the apparent diameter of the Sun in these intervals changes by 3%. But since the difference itself is 5 million km, then in aphelion, that is, in July, the Earth receives 7% less heat than when it is closer, so winter in the northern hemisphere, when they turn to the Sun, is warmer than in the south, and summer is cooler.

Since the Sun is not only a source of light and radiation, but also a magnetically active star, it has, unlike its gravitational field, strong electric and magnetic fields. The electric field changes direction every 11 years, such a peak is called the solar maximum. All these effects of solar radiation are called solar activity, which also includes the study of sunspots, flares, solar wind variations and other parameters that cause auroras in high and middle latitudes on Earth, as well as geomagnetic storms that are very popular among the people, which negatively affect both communications and people's well-being.

The sun, as has been mentioned more than once, is a star and from which it can be concluded very fairly that it has its own life cycle. So the Sun is a young star of the third generation, having a large stock of metals in it, this indicates that the Sun has its predecessors, that is, stars after whose death it was formed. Since both light and heavier metals are available among these metals, it can be calculated that the Sun appeared after the stars of the first and second generation.

The present age of the Sun according to the general principle of this simulation is 4.5 billion years. It is assumed that during the formation of the Sun, clouds of hydrogen and possibly other chemical elements were compressed, this has already led to the formation of the first type of stellar population in the galaxy of the type T Taurus. So a star with approximately equal mass to the Sun has existed for about 10 billion years, that is, our luminary is almost half of its life path, and if we describe the past cycles, we can say that at the zero point there was just a part of the molecular cloud, which after gravitational compression became a protostar, then at a certain moment thermonuclear transformation reactions began hydrogen into helium, which have already been described earlier and this cycle continues until the present time of the existence of a single star system.

So every second in the core of the Sun, about 4 million tons of matter is converted into radiant energy, that is, a stream of photons, including radiation, which leads to the generation of not only pure radiation, but also a stream of solar neutrinos. Since gravity depends on mass, and its decrease leads to an increase in thermonuclear reactions, with a decrease in hydrogen reserves in the Sun, it increases in size, as well as in its luminosity. So by the age of 5.6 billion years or 1.1 billion years after the present, the Sun will be 11% brighter than it is now.

Then inevitably follows the stage of transformation into a red giant, while inevitably there is an assumption of a change in the temperature background of the planet Earth itself, as well as the following aspects of this statement in the life of the organic component due to an increase in temperature due to an increase in the brightness of the Sun and the greenhouse effect. By this time, the sun will reach approximately a critical temperature of 5800 K.

Further in the future, the temperature of the photosphere will correspondingly be lower, but this does not mean that life will cease to exist, by no means it will completely remain at the bottom of the seas and oceans. If we believe the further stages, then by the age of 8 billion years, that is, 3.5 billion years from now, the brightness of the Sun begins to increase by as much as 40%, while there is an assertion that the surface of the planet Earth will be like the atmosphere of the current Venus, that is, water will completely evaporate from the surface of the planet and evaporate into space space, this will already lead to the critical destruction of life and most likely completely all forms of life from the surface of the planet.

In the future, with a decrease in the amount of hydrogen in the Sun, its outer shell will expand, and the core will continue to heat up and contract. And when the age of the Sun reaches 10.9 billion years, 6.4 billion years from now, respectively, the hydrogen will completely run out, and the formed helium is not capable of conducting thermonuclear gorenje, the core begins to condense. The further course of circumstances is a kind of the closest possible stage of movement towards the culmination of the event.

When the hydrogen is completely burned out, the size of the sun will be 1.59 of the radius of the current Sun, and the luminosity will exceed the present indicator by 2.21 times. But the growth will continue for the remaining 700 million years, which is relatively not so much, due to the remaining methods of conducting nuclear reactions. So the Sun will expand to 2.3 solar radii, maintaining a constant maximum luminosity, but the surface temperature will drop from 5500 K to 4900 K. And finally, the culmination of this stage of the development of the Sun will come.

After 7 billion years from now, when the age of the Sun becomes 11.6 billion years, the Sun will move to the next stage in dividing the dimensions of stars, that is, it will become a subgiant. Further, in the interval of 7.6—7.8 billion years from now, to the age of about 12.2 billion years, when almost all the hydrogen in the core has already expired and in the nearest areas as well, the Sun will go to extreme measures — it will begin to burn hydrogen on its surrounding shell. This will lead, as it led to the expansion of the inner shells, to the expansion of the outer shells already, and this will not remain without consequences.

One of the most basic consequences in this case will be that the Sun will leave its location, where it has been since its birth. The sun will already become a red giant and, accordingly, will move to the top of the branch of the red giants according to the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Suffice it to mention that such an expansion is in the ratio that the Sun in the form of a red giant in size (in radius) is 256 times, and in luminosity is 2700 times larger and more powerful than the modern Sun, but also to a decrease in surface temperature to 2650 K.

It is appropriate to assume here that the Sun will absorb the Earth, but there is an assumption that such an increase in the size of the luminary will lead to an increase in the solar wind, which was previously mentioned, and they will carry away a decent amount of the constituent substance, namely, to the loss of 28% of the total mass. This will already lead to an increase in the Earth's orbit, but together, as studies show in 2008, unfortunately, by that time the ability of attraction of the sun will also increase, which alas is proof of the future direct absorption of the Earth by the Sun.

Even if the Earth can be saved from absorption, it will be nothing more than solid matter, because all the liquid will already be evaporated, and the atmosphere will be blown away by the solar wind. This phase will continue for 10 million years and during this time the reactions will continue with helium, until the core temperature rises and reaches 100 million K and it is at this moment that a helium flash will occur. The possibility of carbon and oxygen synthesis will open up, that is, the star will receive fuel and, accordingly, reduce its size up to 9.5 of the radius of the Sun. And when the helium reserves run out, that is, after 100-110 million years, the burning of reserves on the outer shells will be restored again, that is, the Sun will again become a red giant, actively increasing its size.

Due to the fact that helium will become more important in this case, when you turn on and find any of its reserves around the Sun, active flashes will occur, so this stage is accompanied by active flashes, as well as an increase in luminosity, which will be more powerful than the present 5200 times. This stage lasts as long as 20 million years. If the mass of the Sun was slightly larger, then it could be argued that the end of the life of this star would be an explosion and the formation of a supernova, but the mass is insufficient, and gravity will continue to weaken.

As a result, the entire outer shell will simply collapse, break out of the star and turn into a planetary nebula — cosmic dust, and the core will remain in place of the Sun, that is, a white dwarf — a very hot and dense object. Its size will be comparable to the Earth, at first its luminosity will be 3,500 times greater than the solar one, and the temperature will be about 120,000 K, but as a result, after a while, this white dwarf, unless other changes occur, will continue to cool down and fade away. In general, this is a typical outcome for all medium- or low-mass stars.