О составителе
Хундаева Елизавета Очировна, доктор филологических наук. Область научных интересов — лингвистика, фольклористика, перевод и переводоведение, преподавание английского языка, межкультурная коммуникация.
Учебное пособие содержит материал по английским грамматическим временам в активном и пассивном залогах. Приведены модели продуктивных видов речевой деятельности.
Предназначено желающим научиться чтению, переводу и общению на английском языке.
UNIT 1
THE SIMPLE TENSE
The Simple Tense
The distinctive features (Отличительные признаки)
1. Факты, отдельные действия. Сопровождается словами: yesterday
tomorrow, ago (тому назад), in (через какое-то время), on Monday, in 2006, last week (last month, last year) — на прошлой неделе (в предыдущем месяце, в прошлом году).
2. Обычные и регулярно повторяющиеся действия. Сопровождается следующими словами: usually, every (каждый) day (week, month, year), once a week (раз в неделю), twice a day (два раза в день) и т. д.
3. Последовательность событий, например: I got up in the morning, took a shower, got dressed, had my breakfast and left for work — Я встал утром, принял душ, оделся, позавтракал и пошел на работу.
4. Действие, охватывающее период времени, когда интересует факт, а не процесс действия. Может сопровождаться следующими маркерами: from… till, for 3 hours, the whole morning, all day long (весь день).
The Present Simple Tense
The Present Simple Tense показывает обычные, регулярно происходящие действия, например: вообще хожу туда один раз в неделю, но не иду сейчас, поскольку занят другим делом. Это время не показывает длительность или завершенность действия. Ниже приведены некоторые слова и выражения, которые могут встречаться в Present Simple Tense:
Now (теперь, нынче)
Often (часто)
Seldom, rarely (редко)
At present (в настоящее время)
On Saturday (по субботам)
Usually (обычно, вообще)
Generally — обычно
Every day — каждый день
Every Sunday — каждое воскресенье
Once a week — раз в неделю
Every time — каждый раз
Three times a week — три раза в неделю
Regularly — регулярно
Systematically — систематически
Periodically — периодически
As a rule — как правило
From… till — от… до (когда интересует факт, а не процесс)
All day long — весь день
For an hour — в течение часа
Общий элемент смысла этого грамматического явления — это указание на все те обычные действия, которые выполняются регулярно (каждый день, каждую неделю и т. д.). Например: « Я утром встаю приблизительно в 6 часов, принимаю душ, делаю утреннюю гимнастику, завтракаю и иду на работу» — «I get up at about 6 in the morning, take a shower, do daily dozens, have breakfast and leave for (идти, ехать) my work».
Особое внешнее проявление этого времени: в 3ем лице ед. ч. к глаголу добавляется окончание — s, например: Он пишет — he writes.
Спряжение глагола
I work — я работаю We work — мы работаем
You work — ты работаешь You work — вы работаете
He (she, it) works — он (она, оно) работает They work — они работают
The affirmative (утвердительный), interrogative (вопросительный) and negative (отрицательный) sentences (предложение)
Dialogue
— Do you learn French? Yes, I actually (действительно) think (думаю) you learn French, don’t you (не так ли)?
— Yes, I learn French.
— And what about Ann (А как насчет Ани)? Ann, do you learn English or French?
— I learn German.
— So that’s what it is (вот оно что), you learn German (немецкий язык). Do you go home at 6 after work?
— Yes, usually I go home at 6.
— Does Nick go home at 5 or at 6? I think, he goes home at 5, doesn’t he (не так ли)?
— No. He goes home at 6.
— I see (понятно, ясно), he goes home at 6. I get up (вставать) at 7 in the morning. I know you don’t get up (не встаешь) at 7. You get up still earlier (еще раньше). Do you get up at 6 (Ты встаешь в 6)? Do you really get up so (так) early?
— Yes. I have to (вынужден) get up that (так) early (рано).
— I see (понятно), you get up early because you have to (должен, вынужден) go to your work that starts (начинаться) at 8. You commute (ездить на общественном транспорте, например, на электричке) to your work, don’t you (не так ли)? Maybe (может быть), you go by car or by train. I see you go by car. But sometimes (иногда) you have to (вынужден, приходится) go by train (на электричке).
— Yes. Quite often (довольно часто).
— Ann, your brother goes to school, doesn’t he (не так ли)? Does he go to the nearest (ближайший) school? Does he go to school No.19 or 18? As far as I can guess (насколько я могу понять) he doesn’t go (не ходит) to school No. 18, does he (не так ли)?
— He does not (нет).
— He does not. I see (понятно, ясно). So he goes to school No. 19. Now I see he attends (ходить, посещать) the nearest (ближайший) school.
***
Lena sings (петь) well and as for (что касается) me I can’t sing at all (совсем не умею петь).
Does Lena really (действительно) sing well? Oh, she does (Да). Just no doubt (Нет сомнений). She does that perfectly well (делает это очень хорошо). She sings very well, doesn’t she (не так ли)? She does not miss an opportunity to sing (Она не пропускает случая попеть), does she (правда)? No, she never does (никогда не пропускает).
***
They leave (выходить из дома) at 7. Yes, they do (да), because their train (электричка, поезд) starts (отходить, отправляться) at 7:40. It’s quite (очень, вполне) early (рано), isn’t it (не так ли)? I won’t be able (не смогу) to get up (встать) that early (так рано). So (поэтому) I’ll say good-bye to them (попрощаюсь с ними) in the evening (вечером) before going to bed (до того, как пойду спать). That’s a clever decision (это умное решение), isn’t it (не так ли)? I think (я думаю) it’s not going to be (это не будет) impolite (невежливо), is it (не так ли)?
We generally (обычно) have breakfast (завтракать) at 8. Do you have your breakfast at that time (в это время) too (тоже)? Or you don’t have your breakfast (или ты не завтракаепшь) at 8, do you (не так ли)? Some (некоторый) people have their breakfast quite early (очень рано), don’t they (не так ли)? They do (да).
***
I understand you well (Я понимаю вас хорошо). Do you understand me (Вы понимаете меня)? Does your colleague (коллега) understand you? Do your business partners (деловой партнер) also (тоже, также) understand you well? Do we understand each other (друг друга) well enough (достаточно хорошо)?
***
— Do I understand it right (Правильно ли я понимаю) that you got (получить) a new appointment (назначение, должность)?
— Yes, but I hardly believe it myself (с трудом верю в это сам).
***
— Do you want to say that you hold this appointment (занимать должность)?
— It seems so (Кажется, да).
***
— Does she complete projects for grants (выполнять проекты на грант) regularly?
— Not quite (не совсем) regularly but rather often (довольно часто).
— Do you participate in the competitions for grants (участвовать в конкурсах на гранты) often?
— I do sometimes (иногда), but not quite often (не очень часто) as I’d love to (как мне бы хотелось).
— Do they encourage (поощрять, приветствовать) collaborative (совместный) projects?
— They seem to (кажется, да).
***
Do you like it here (Вам нравится здесь)? I like it here very much.
Does he like it here? He does (да).
Does she like it here? Oh yes, she does.
Do they like it there (Им там нравится)? They like it there very much.
Do you like it in Ulan-Ude (Вам нравится в Улан-Удэ)? I like it here in Ulan-Ude very much.
Do you like it at the Baikal (Вам нравится на Байкале)? I do very much.
Do they speak Portuguese in Brazil (Они разговаривают на португальском языке в Бразилии)? They do (Да).
***
Does the sun set in the east (Солнце заходит на востоке)? It does not (Нет). It sets in the west (на западе). It rises (восходить) in the east.
Do you turn on the light (включать свет) when it gets dark (когда становится темно)? We do (Да).
Does she switch off the light (выключать свет) when she goes out of the room (когда выходит из комнаты)? She does (Да, выключает).
Does he turn off the tap (выключать кран) or does he often forget (забывать) about that? He turns it off (отключать), that’s for sure (это точно). Don’t worry (Не беспокойтесь).
Does he want to listen to the news (слушать новости)? He does (Да).
Do they have three bedrooms (спальня) in their house? That’s right (Это верно).
Do you weigh (весить — о весе человека) one hundred and fifty pounds (150 фунтов) [около 70 кг.]? I do (Да).
The Past Simple Tense
The affirmative sentences
I studied French at school. I began to learn English only at the college.
That’s the thing (Вот в чем дело).
It’s a pity (жаль) I didn’t learn English since the early childhood (с раннего детства).
If I did (если бы я училa с раннего детства; если бы это было так — контекстуальный или смысловой перевод) I would be able (я смог бы) to talk English with my colleagues (коллега) from abroad (из-за границы). It’s kind of obstacle (некая помеха, препятствие) when you don’t know languages.
Actually it is (На самом деле, это так).
As far as I am concerned (что касается меня) I would be happy (я был бы рад) to know as many languages as possible (как можно больше языков).
The interrogative sentences
The general questions
Did you go there?
Did you understand me?
Did you get (получить) a letter?
Did you buy (купить) tickets (билет)?
Did I get it right (Я правильно понял)?
Did you learn English at school?
Did you want to learn English or French or perhaps (возможно) some other (другой) language (язык)?
Did she apply for a grant (подавать заявку на грант)?
Did they find out (выяснять) which types of the projects were eligible (проходной, приемлемый, подходящий)? — They did (Да, выясняли).
Did you like it there in London (Тебе понравилось в Лондоне)? — Yes, I did. I did (действительно) like it there in London. It is admirable (восхитительный), glorious (прославленный), amazing (поразительный)), isn’t it (не так ли)? — Oh yes, no doubt (несомненно).
Task:
Make up (придумать, составить) the interrogative sentences (вопросительное предложение), namely (а именно; в частности) the general (общий) questions in the Past Simple Tense. Mind (помните), the auxiliary (вспомогательный) verb «did» must be at the beginning of the question.
Bring to your memory (вспомните) the word-order (порядок слов) in the general questions:
1. The auxiliary (вспомогательный) verb (глагол).
2. The subject (подлежащее) of the sentence (предложение).
3. The main verb (основной глагол).
4. The object (дополнение).
5. The adverbial modifier (обстоятельство).
Memorize (запомнить) the pattern (образец): Do you read books often?
The special questions
When did you begin to go to school?
Where did you live when you began to go to school?
Which school did you go to?
How did you get to school (on foot — пешком, by tram, by bus, by trolley-bus, in a car)?
When did you finish it?
Which college or university did you enter?
When did you enter the university or college?
When did you graduate from the university?
Where did you work after graduating from the university?
The alternative questions
Did you begin (начинать) to attend (посещать) school at 6 or 7?
Did you live in Ulan-Ude when you began to go to school or did you live in some other place?
Did you go to school on foot (пешком) or by some kind (вид) of transport?
Did you learn (учить) English at school or at the college?
Did you want (хотеть) to learn English or French or perhaps (возможно) some other (другой) tongue (язык)?
Did she apply for a grant (подавать заявку на грант) or not yet?
Did they find out (выяснять) which types of projects were eligible (проходной, приемлемый, подходящий) or not yet?
The tag questions
You learned English at school, didn’t you?
You learned it willingly (охотно), didn’t you?
He learned English since the early childhood (с раннего детства), didn’t he?
He began to learn the foreign languages at an early age (в раннем возрасте), didn’t he?
They left for lake Baikal early in the morning (рано утром), didn’t they?
She went shopping early in the morning, didn’t she?
He went to the hospital late at night (поздно вечером), didn’t he?
You didn’t learn English at school, did you?
You didn’t learn the foreign languages willingly (охотно), did you?
He didn’t learn English since the early childhood (с раннего детства), did he?
He didn’t begin to learn the foreign languages at an early age (в раннем возрасте), did he?
The negative sentences
You did not go there (туда).
You did not understand me.
You did not get (получить) the letter.
You did not buy (купить) the tickets (билет)?
You did not get it right (Вы не поняли это правильно).
You did not learn English at school
You did not apply for a grant (подавать заявку на грант).
They did not find out (выяснять) which types of the projects were eligible (проходной, приемлемый, подходящий).
The intensifying (усилительное) do, does, did
I do observe all the conditions specified on the application form. Я действительно выполняю все условия, указанные на бланке заявки.
He does know about that. Он на самом деле знает об этом.
We did go there. Мы на самом деле ходили туда.
They did complete the project. Фактически они завершили проект.
Please, do come. Пожалуйста, обязательно приходите.
Translate, please
Мы действительно пригласили их.
На самом деле, я хочу учить английский язык. I do want to learn English.
Я очень хочу разговаривать на английском языке.
Я очень хочу переводить с английского языка на (to) русский.
Я действительно хочу переводить сама.
Они действительно хотят участвовать в этом проекте. They do want to participate in this project.
Она очень хочет познакомиться с ними (to get acquainted with them).
***
Они действительно хотели участвовать (participate) в проекте.
Она на самом деле знала об этом. She did know about that.
Они очень хотели поехать туда.
Им очень понравилось там. They did like it there.
Кате очень понравилось работать с вами.
Она очень хочет приехать сюда снова. She does want to come here again.
Мы фактически завершили (complete) работу.
***
Они на самом деле хотят приехать сюда. They do want to come here.
Мне на самом деле нравится эта мысль. I do like the idea.
Я действительно хочу поехать туда.
Ты на самом деле ездила туда. You did go there.
Он действительно исследовал (study) эту проблему.
Она на самом деле хотела стать a downhill skier (горнолыжник).
Мы фактически (did) приобрели (get) все оборудование (all the equipment).
***
Они очень хотели заняться (take up) этим проектом.
Я на самом деле (did) подготовила программу проекта.
Вы практически написали (prepare) обоснование (validation) проекта.
Они фактически подготовили дельные (efficient, sensible) предложения (offer).
Я на самом деле продумала (think over) все стадии (stage) проекта.
На самом деле я знала об этом. I did know about that.
Он действительно знал об этом. He did know about that.
Они фактически знали все. They did know all.
The Future Simple Tense
The affirmative sentences
We’ll go there tomorrow.
They’ll come the day after tomorrow (послезавтра).
I«ll be in Ulan-Ude in (через) a day.
You’ll arrive (прибывать) in Moscow in a day or two.
We’ll arrive in the station in two hours.
I’ll come and see you (Я приеду навестить вас) in (через) some time.
You’ll land (приземлиться) in several minutes.
***
Next Sunday he’ll come and see you (придти проведать; навестить).
Next month he’ll be at your place (у вас), that’s for sure (это наверняка).
Next year we’ll be visiting you.
The next day they’ll inform us of the results of the competition (конкурс).
They’ll come to our place (к нам) the next Sunday.
She‘ll come the day after tomorrow (послезавтра).
***
I’ll come in (через) a day.
You’ll also (тоже, также) come in a day or two.
She’ll come and see us in (через) some time.
Alex will be here in several hours.
We’ll arrive (прибывать, приезжать) next week.
You all will be here next month, that’s for sure (это точно).
They’ll meet in a year and have a big feast (праздник, пиршество).
***
I will translate this text with a dictionary (словарь).
Will you translate your text with a dictionary too?
Ann will translate her text with no dictionary (без словаря), I guess (полагаю, думаю, догадываюсь).
She will make use of (использовать) the context, I gather (думать, делать вывод).
At any rate (во всяком случае) she says so (так) and I think she’s partly (частично) right.
***
You’ll show your translation to the teacher, won’t you (не так ли)?
She’ll give (поставить) you a mark (оценка), won’t she?
It will be a five, won’t it (не так ли)?
I daresay (осмелюсь сказать) it will (что да).
They will stay (остаться) there for long (надолго), do you think (думаешь)?
The interrogative questions
The general questions
Will you go there tomorrow?
Will they come the day after tomorrow (послезавтра)?
Will you be in Ulan-Ude in (через) a day?
Will you arrive (прибывать) in Moscow in a day or two?
Will they arrive at the township (посёлок городского типа) in a week?
Will you come and see us (навестить) in (через) some time?
Will you land (приземлиться) in several minutes?
***
Will she come and see you soon?
Will they be at your place (у вас) soon?
Will they visit you in January?
Will they inform us of the results of the competition (конкурс) for grant?
Will they come to our place (к нам) the next Sunday?
Will she come the day after tomorrow (послезавтра)?
The special questions
Who will arrive (прибывать) soon?
When will they arrive?
What will they do here?
What will be their main (главный) purpose (цель)?
Where will they stay (остановиться)?
Who will they meet (встречаться) with?
Who will they consult with?
The alternative questions
Will they come in (через) a day or two?
Will you also (тоже, также) come in a day or two?
Will she come and see us in (через) some time?
Will Alex be here in several hours (через несколько часов)?
Will you arrive (прибывать, приезжать) the next week?
Will you all be here the next month?
Will they meet in (через) a year and have a big feast (праздник, пиршество)?
Task
Think of (придумать, составить) your own sentences with the above (вышеприведенный) words.
The tag questions
He will translate this text with a dictionary (словарь), won’t he?
You will translate the text with a dictionary too, won’t you?
Ann will translate her text with no dictionary (без словаря), I guess (полагаю, думаю, догадываюсь), won’t she?
She will make use of (использовать) the context, I gather (думать, делать вывод), won’t she?
You’ll show your translation to the teacher, won’t you (не так ли)?
She’ll give (поставить) you a good mark (оценка), won’t she?
It’ll sure (несомненно, конечно) be a five, won’t it (не так ли)?
I daresay (осмелюсь сказать) it will be, won’t it?
The negative sentences
I won’t go there (Я не пойду туда).
You won’t talk (разговаривать) to them.
He won’t believe (верить) you.
She won’t enter (поступать) that college.
We won’t stay (останавливаться) in that hotel.
You won’t send (отправлять) that fax (факс).
***
They won’t have many questions to put (У них не будет много вопросов).
We won’t have many requests to make (У нас не будет много просьб).
They won’t have any claims (претензия, требование). It was the juncture of the events (стечение обстоятельств), just the coincidence (совпадение).
I won’t stay there for long (Я не буду там долго).
I won’t have any reproaches (упрек) and I won’t have any self-reproach (упрек самому себе) too. It was the concurrence (стечение) of the circumstances (обстоятельство).
UNIT 2
The Progressive (Continuous) Tense
The distinctive features (отличительный черты):
1. Процесс, происходящий в определенный конкретный момент (период). Временные индикаторы: now, at 5 o’clock, when I came, etc.
2. Параллельно происходящие действия, события или состояния. Временной индикатор: while (пока; в то время, как …).
3. Процесс, охватывающий период времени: from… till (от… до).
The present Progressive Tense
The affirmative sentences
I am reading a book. Я сейчас читаю книгу.
You are translating the text.
He is working at this problem.
She is writing a letter.
We are thinking over (обдумывать) the problem.
You are discussing how (как) to do it.
They are waiting for (ждать) the manager.
I’m talking to them now.
***
Translate, please.
Мы сейчас учим английский язык. We are learning English now.
Мы завтракаем (We are having breakfast), приходите немного попозже (a little later).
Мы сейчас выполняем совместный проект (complete a joint project).
Мы сейчас работаем над методологией исследования (methodology of the study).
Сейчас я консультирую детей (I am consulting the children).
Мы сейчас печатаем заявку (type an application).
Мы сейчас продолжаем (continue; go on with) исследование.
The interrogative questions
The general questions
Are you writing your resume? Yes, I am. I’m just writing my resume. I was asked to (меня попросили).
Is he writing an article for the newspaper? I think so (думаю, что да).
Is Nina calling (звонит) you? No, it’s Ann.
Are we going to the Ivanovs (Ивановы; семья Ивановых) first (сначала)? Yes, right.
Are your friends calling you just now? Yes, these are my friends.
***
Read the following funny (cмешной) sentences, please
— Is the frog (лягушка) smiling (смеяться)? — Oh yes, it is just smiling. Right you are (вы правы).
— Is the beetle (жук) doing nothing (ничего)? — That’s right, it is doing nothing. It is not doing anything.
— Are the bears (медведь) carrying (нести; носить) milk (молоко)? — They aren’t carrying any milk. It seems (кажется) they are carrying honey (мед).
— Is the fish (рыба) eating (кушать, есть) a pine-apple (ананас) or an apple (яблоко)? — It is sure (конечно, несомненно) eating a pine-apple.
— The frog (лягушка) is watering (поливать) the flower (цветок), isn’t it? — You aren’t mistaken. It is just watering the flower.
The special questions
Who are you talking to?
What are you doing now?
When are you going to Irkutsk?
Where are they going now?
How are they solving their problems (решать свои проблемы)?
How long are they playing?
Which place are you leaving for (уезжать)?
***
Who is playing chess with my nephew (племянник)?
Who is my niece (племянница) playing with?
What game are the children playing?
Where are the children playing?
When are they coming home?
How are they doing sums (решать задачи)?
How long are they staying (пребывать, находиться) in the health resort (курорт)?
***
Who is running along the road?
What is the boy keeping (держать) in his hand?
Which of them (кто из них, который из них) is running very quick?
Where are they running?
When are they coming here?
How is she performing (исполнять) her part (роль)?
How long are they playing in that playground (игровая площадка)?
The alternative questions
Was your acquaintance doing shopping or just window-shopping?
Is Nick reading a newspaper or a magazine?
Is she reading a textbook (учебник) or a glossy magazine (глянцевый журнал)?
Are you translating an article or a letter?
Is she writing a letter or an article?
Were you thinking over (обдумывать) this problem or another one?
Are you discussing how to do it or are you just having a chat (болтать)?
The tag questions
You are watching TV now, aren’t you?
Your neighbor is looking through the window, isn’t she?
Your colleague is reading a detective story now, isn’t he?
Ann is reading a book, isn’t she?
You are learning English, aren’t you?
They are reading the textbook (учебник), aren’t they?
Translate, please
Мы сейчас учим английский язык, не так ли (aren’t we)?
Мы сейчас выполняем совместный проект (complete a joint project), так (aren’t we)?
Мы сейчас работаем над методологией исследования (methodology of the study), ведь так?
Сейчас я консультирую детей (consult the children), так ведь?
Мы сейчас печатаем заявку (type an application), не так ли?
Они сейчас продолжают (continue; go on with) исследование (study), правда?
Они сейчас едут сюда, так ведь?
The negative sentences
I am not reading that book, I have finished reading it. You can take it.
You aren’t reading the magazine, can I take it?
He is not writing the letter as I see. When is he going to finish it?
We are not dealing with (заниматься) that project, we are doing something else (другиe вещи, что-то ещё).
I am not reading that book.
You are not writing a letter.
He is not working at the project now.
She is not looking through (просматривать) any glossy magazine (глянцевый журнал).
They are not writing any substantiation (обоснование) of the project.
The Past Progressive tense
The affirmative sentences
I was washing (мыть) the dishes (посуда) when they called (позвонить) me.
You were looking through (просматривать) the documents at that moment.
She was packing up (упаковывать вещи) when she learned (узнать) about that.
We were talking (разговаривать) when he interrupted (прерывать) us.
They were discussing the matter (этот вопрос) when Alice entered (входить) the room.
***
We were preparing (писать, готовить) a monograph (монография, книга) when we got (получить) the news (новости) concerning (относительно) the announcement (объявление) of a competition (конкурс) for a short-term (краткосрочный) grant in the humanities (в области гуманитарных наук).
They were writing a brief (краткий) summary (обзор, обобщение) of the proposal (проект) when they learned (узнать) about the announcement of another, more favorable (более благоприятный, выгодный) competition (конкурс).
When we were reading the instructions for applicants (лицо, подавшее заявку), we learned (узнать) that they must hold (иметь) the PhD degree (ученая степень) or show evidence (продемонстрировать, показать) of the equivalent (соответствующий) professional experience (опыт).
Translate, please.
Когда мы скрепляли (staple) заявку (application), нам сказали (we were told), что этого делать нельзя (that we should not do that). Когда мы писали заявку (application), мы узнали (learn), что факсы (fax) заявок не принимаются (are not accepted).
Когда мы печатали заявку (type an application), мы узнали (learn), что оригинал должен быть напечатан (should be typed) ясно и четко (with a fresh, dark ribbon), так как (for, because) заявки (application) будут несколько раз копироваться (will be photocopied several times).
The interrogative questions
The general questions
Were you waiting for me? — Oh, yes, we were. We’re really glad to see you at our place (у нас дома).
Was he sending an E-mail message when I called him? — Yes, he was.
Were they seeing them off (провожать) when Ann came? — Yes, the guests were just leaving (как раз уходили), they were bidding farewell (прощаться).
Was the child smiling when they took his photo? — Yes, he was.
Were the boys playing football when you came? — No, they weren’t, they were playing tennis.
Were you writing your essay (очерк, реферат) when they came? — No, I wasn’t. I was tidying up (делать уборку) the room.
Was Helen looking through (просматривать) the papers when you came to see (навестить) her.
The special questions
What was your relative doing when you came to see him?
What were your friends doing when you came ashore (пришли на берег).
What was the boy doing when you looked through the window?
What were the learners (учащийся) doing when they were in the library (библиотека)?
What were you doing when your colleagues (коллега) came to congratulate (поздравить) you?
What was Ann doing when you came to see (приходить навестить) her?
***
What were the children doing when you came to school?
What was she doing while Ann was writing her account (отчет).
What were you doing while Ann was watching TV (смотреть телевизор)?
What was she doing while you were cutting (резать) cucumbers (огурец) and tomatoes for salad?
What were you doing while he was fixing up (ремонтировать, чинить) the car?
***
What was Alex doing from 9 till 10 yesterday morning? I couldn’t find him.
What were they doing all day long? Why haven’t they done anything?
Where were they going? — They were probably (вероятно) going to their work.
What were they looking through? — They were looking through their essays (реферат).
What were you doing? — I was looking for (искать) my summary (конспект).
What were you doing an hour ago (час тому назад)? — I was looking for (искать) my notes (запись, заметка).
The alternative questions
Were you waiting for me or not? Oh, yes, we were. We are really glad to see you at our place (у нас дома).
Was he sending an E-mail message when I called him or not? Yes, he was.
Were they seeing off (провожать) their guests when Ann came or were they keeping them back (удерживать, не отпускать)? Yes, theу were keeping them back.
Was the child smiling when they took his photo or was he just interested in the camera? I think, he was interested in the camera.
Were the boys playing football when you came or weren’t they? No, they weren’t, they were playing tennis.
Were you writing your essay when they came or were you doing something else (заниматься чем-то другим)? I wasn’t writing my essay when they came. I was tidying up (делать уборку) the room.
Was Helen looking through (просматривать) the papers when you came to see (придти навестить) her or was she having a rest? She was just looking through the papers.
The tag questions
She was washing (мыть) the dishes (посуда) when they called (позвонить) her, wasn’t she?
You were looking through (просматривать) the documents at that moment, weren’t you?
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