Бесплатный фрагмент - Полная английская грамматика для школьников
Теория, практика, истории и словарь для закрепления материала
Предисловие
Дорогие читатели,
Эта книга создана для школьников и начинающих изучать английский язык. Её цель — систематизировать ключевые темы английской грамматики, которые обычно изучаются в школе, и предложить удобный формат для самостоятельного изучения и закрепления материала.
Каждая глава построена по единой структуре. Сначала представлен грамматический блок с чётким объяснением темы на русском языке, сопровождаемый примерами на английском с переводом. Далее следуют практические советы по использованию грамматических конструкций, которые помогают школьникам легче усваивать материал.
В книге также включены истории на английском языке, соответствующие уровню А2. Тексты простые, но интересные и тематически связаны с повседневной жизнью. Они служат для закрепления грамматических правил и расширения словарного запаса.
Отдельное внимание уделено полезным словам и выражениям, а также упражнениям разного типа: на заполнение пропусков, выбор правильного варианта и ответы на вопросы по текстам. В конце каждой главы приведены полные ответы для самопроверки.
Кроме того, в приложении собраны списки неправильных глаголов, числительных, коллокаций и устойчивых выражений, которые будут полезны при подготовке к контрольным работам и повседневном использовании английского языка.
Я надеюсь, что эта книга станет для вас надёжным учебным пособием и поможет выработать систематический подход к изучению английского языка. Желаю успехов в обучении и уверенности при использовании английского в школе и за её пределами.
Parts of Speech in English
Grammar Focus
В английском языке части речи (parts of speech) — это группы слов, которые выполняют разные функции в предложении. Знание частей речи помогает понимать структуру предложения и правильно строить фразы.
Основные части речи школьной программы:
Noun (существительное) — называет предмет, человека, место или идею.
a book — книга
Verb (глагол) — показывает действие или состояние.
to read — читать
Adjective (прилагательное) — описывает существительное.
interesting — интересный
Adverb (наречие) — описывает глагол, прилагательное или другое наречие.
quickly — быстро
Pronoun (местоимение) — заменяет существительное.
he — он
Preposition (предлог) — показывает связь слов в предложении.
in, on, at — в, на
Conjunction (союз) — соединяет слова и части предложений.
and — и, because — потому что
Article (артикль) — стоит перед существительным.
a, an, the
Совет: сначала определяй глагол — он центр предложения.
Story
Every morning a young student wakes up early and prepares for school. The student takes a book from the table and reads a short text. The text is simple, but it is interesting and useful. Each word has a role in the sentence. A noun names a thing, and a verb shows an action. An adjective makes the noun clearer, and an adverb shows how the action happens.
The student writes sentences slowly and carefully. Sometimes the sentences are short, and sometimes they are long, but they are always clear. Pronouns help to avoid repetition, and prepositions show place and time. Conjunctions connect ideas and make the text smooth.
At school the teacher explains grammar rules and gives examples. The student listens внимательно and asks questions. Grammar is not difficult when it is clear and organized. Step by step, the student understands how words work together. By the end of the day, English feels more friendly and logical. Learning parts of speech helps the student read, write, and think in English with confidence.
Useful Words and Expressions
part of speech — часть речи
sentence — предложение
word — слово
noun — существительное
verb — глагол
adjective — прилагательное
adverb — наречие
pronoun — местоимение
preposition — предлог
conjunction — союз
article — артикль
role — роль
action — действие
idea — идея
clear — понятный
example — пример
rule — правило
connect — соединять
Exercises
Exercise 1. Match the word with its part of speech
quickly
book
and
she
interesting
a) adjective
b) noun
c) adverb
d) conjunction
e) pronoun
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
Which word is a verb?
a) table
b) read
c) interesting
Which word is an article?
a) the
b) in
c) quickly
Which part of speech connects ideas?
a) noun
b) conjunction
c) adjective
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
Why are parts of speech important in English?
Which parts of speech describe actions and things?
How do conjunctions and prepositions help in sentences?
What helps the student understand grammar better?
How does learning grammar change the student’s attitude to English?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
1–c, 2–b, 3–d, 4–e, 5–a
Exercise 2:
1–b, 2–a, 3–b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
Parts of speech are important because they show how words function in a sentence. They help learners understand sentence structure.
Verbs describe actions, and nouns name things or people. These parts of speech form the base of a sentence.
Conjunctions connect ideas, and prepositions show relationships of place and time. They make sentences clearer.
Clear explanations and examples help the student understand grammar better. Step-by-step learning is effective.
Learning grammar makes English feel logical and friendly. The student gains confidence in reading and writing.
Mini Tips
Найди глагол — это основа предложения.
Определи, что описывает глагол или существительное.
Запоминай части речи через примеры, а не отдельные слова.
The Verb «to be» (Present Simple)
Grammar Focus
Глагол to be — один из самых важных глаголов в английском языке. Он означает «быть, являться, находиться», но чаще всего не переводится напрямую на русский язык.
В Present Simple глагол to be имеет три формы:
am — используется с I
I am a student. — Я ученик.
is — используется с he, she, it
She is happy. — Она счастлива.
are — используется с you, we, they
They are at school. — Они в школе.
Глагол to be используется:
для описания кто мы или что это;
для указания состояния;
для обозначения места нахождения;
в конструкциях с возрастом, профессией, характеристикой.
Отрицание:
I am not tired. / He is not ready.
Вопрос:
Are you ready? / Is she at home?
Совет: формы am / is / are нужно запоминать сразу с местоимениями.
Story
Every day I am at school in the morning. I am a student, and my school is not far from my home. My classmates are friendly and helpful. Our teacher is kind and patient, and her lessons are always clear.
Today the weather is cold, but the classroom is warm. The windows are clean, and the desks are ready for work. I am calm and focused. English is my favorite subject, and grammar is interesting for me.
My best friend is in my class. He is very active and curious. We are always ready to help each other. Some students are tired in the morning, but they are still attentive.
After lessons, we are in the school library. The library is quiet and comfortable. Books are on the shelves, and everything is in its place. At the end of the day, I am happy because learning English is not difficult. It is clear and useful when the rules are simple.
Useful Words and Expressions
to be — быть
student — ученик
school — школа
classroom — класс
teacher — учитель
friendly — дружелюбный
kind — добрый
ready — готовый
tired — уставший
happy — счастливый
calm — спокойный
interesting — интересный
weather — погода
library — библиотека
quiet — тихий
useful — полезный
clear — понятный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with am, is, or are
I ___ a student.
She ___ my teacher.
They ___ in the classroom.
We ___ ready for the lesson.
The weather ___ cold today.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
He ___ happy today.
a) am
b) is
c) are
We ___ at school now.
a) am
b) is
c) are
___ you tired after lessons?
a) Am
b) Is
c) Are
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
Who is the narrator of the story?
What is the teacher like?
Where are the students after lessons?
How does the narrator feel about learning English?
Why is learning English not difficult for the narrator?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
am
is
are
are
is
Exercise 2:
1–b, 2–c, 3–c
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The narrator is a student at school. The story is told from the student’s point of view.
The teacher is kind and patient. Her lessons are clear and easy to understand.
The students are in the school library after lessons. It is a quiet and comfortable place.
The narrator feels happy about learning English. English is interesting and useful for the student.
Learning English is not difficult because the rules are simple and clear. This makes grammar easy to understand.
Mini Tips
Запоминай to be вместе с местоимениями: I am, he is, they are.
Если в предложении нет другого глагола, чаще всего нужен to be.
В вопросах форма to be всегда стоит перед подлежащим.
Personal Pronouns
Grammar Focus
Personal pronouns (личные местоимения) используются для замены существительных и помогают избежать повторов в речи и на письме. В английском языке личные местоимения делятся на подлежащие и дополнения. В этой главе рассматриваются местоимения-подлежащие, которые стоят перед глаголом.
Личные местоимения-подлежащие:
I — я
you — ты / вы
he — он (для людей мужского пола)
she — она (для людей женского пола)
it — он / она / оно (для предметов, животных, идей)
we — мы
they — они
Местоимение it используется:
для предметов и вещей;
для животных, если пол не важен;
с погодой, временем, расстоянием.
It is cold today.
Важно: в английском языке I всегда пишется с заглавной буквы.
Совет: всегда проверяй, кто выполняет действие, и выбирай правильное местоимение.
Story
I am a student in a small town. Every morning I go to school and meet my classmates. They are friendly and helpful. My best friend is in my class. He is very active, and she is very calm. We work together and help each other every day.
Our teacher is kind and patient. She explains the rules clearly, and we understand her lessons well. When the weather is cold, it is still warm in the classroom. It is comfortable to study there.
At school we read texts and write exercises. I like English because it is interesting and useful. Sometimes the tasks are difficult, but they are always clear. When we make mistakes, the teacher helps us. She shows us the right way.
After school, I go home and do my homework. It is quiet at home, and I can focus. Learning English helps me feel confident. I know that with practice, I can use personal pronouns correctly and speak English better every day.
Useful Words and Expressions
personal pronoun — личное местоимение
subject — подлежащее
student — ученик
classmate — одноклассник
teacher — учитель
rule — правило
mistake — ошибка
lesson — урок
homework — домашнее задание
weather — погода
together — вместе
help — помогать
understand — понимать
comfortable — удобный
confident — уверенный
practice — практика
correctly — правильно
Exercises
Exercise 1. Match the pronoun with its meaning
he
she
it
we
they
a) мы
b) она
c) они
d) он
e) оно / он / она (предмет)
Exercise 2. Choose the correct pronoun
My teacher is kind. ___ helps us every day.
a) He
b) She
c) It
The book is on the table. ___ is new.
a) He
b) She
c) It
My friends and I are classmates. ___ study together.
a) We
b) They
c) You
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
Who is the narrator of the story?
Who helps the students understand the rules?
What does the pronoun «it» describe in the story?
Why does the narrator like English?
How does practice help the narrator?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
1–d, 2–b, 3–e, 4–a, 5–c
Exercise 2:
1–b, 2–c, 3–a
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The narrator is a student. The story is told from the student’s point of view.
The teacher helps the students understand the rules. She explains the lessons clearly.
The pronoun «it» describes the weather and the classroom. It is also used for objects.
The narrator likes English because it is interesting and useful. The lessons are clear.
Practice helps the narrator feel confident. It allows the student to use personal pronouns correctly.
Mini Tips
Если слово заменяет существительное, это местоимение.
Для предметов и погоды всегда используй it.
Проверяй, кто выполняет действие, перед выбором местоимения.
Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Grammar Focus
Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns используются, чтобы показать принадлежность — кому принадлежит предмет.
Possessive Adjectives (притяжательные прилагательные)
Они стоят перед существительным и не используются самостоятельно.
my — мой, моя
your — твой / ваш
his — его
her — её
its — его / её (для предметов и животных)
our — наш
their — их
This is my book. — Это моя книга.
Possessive Pronouns (притяжательные местоимения)
Они заменяют существительное и используются без него.
mine — мой
yours — твой / ваш
his — его
hers — её
its — (почти не используется)
ours — наш
theirs — их
This book is mine. — Эта книга моя.
Важно:
После притяжательного прилагательного всегда есть существительное.
Притяжательное местоимение никогда не используется с существительным.
Совет: если после слова стоит предмет — это прилагательное; если предмета нет — местоимение.
Story
I am a student, and my school day starts early. I take my bag and check my books before leaving home. My parents help me every morning, and their support is important for me. At school I meet my friends and see their smiles. Our classroom is bright, and our desks are clean.
During the English lesson, the teacher checks our homework. My exercise is correct, but my friend has a mistake in his work. The teacher explains the rule again, and her explanation is clear. Everyone understands it.
After the lesson, I look for my notebook, but I cannot find it. My friend shows me a notebook on the table. It is not mine; it is hers. Then I see my notebook in my bag. The bag is mine, but the books inside are ours because we study together.
At the end of the day, we share our ideas and help each other. Learning English becomes easier when we understand how to use possessive adjectives and pronouns correctly.
Useful Words and Expressions
possessive — притяжательный
adjective — прилагательное
pronoun — местоимение
belonging — принадлежность
book — книга
notebook — тетрадь
bag — сумка
homework — домашнее задание
rule — правило
explanation — объяснение
correct — правильный
mistake — ошибка
support — поддержка
together — вместе
share — делиться
idea — идея
important — важный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with a possessive adjective
This is ___ book. (I)
She checks ___ homework every day.
We like ___ English lessons.
He puts ___ notebook on the desk.
They clean ___ classroom.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
This pen is ___.
a) my
b) mine
c) me
That is ___ bag, not yours.
a) hers
b) her
c) she
These books are ___.
a) our
b) us
c) ours
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does the narrator check before leaving home?
Whose explanation helps the students understand the rule?
Why is the notebook on the table not the narrator’s?
What does the word «ours» describe in the story?
How does understanding possessive forms help students?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
my
her
our
his
their
Exercise 2:
1–b, 2–b, 3–c
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The narrator checks his or her bag and books before leaving home. This helps the student prepare for school.
The teacher’s explanation helps the students understand the rule. Her explanation is clear and simple.
The notebook on the table is not the narrator’s because it belongs to a friend. It is hers, not his.
The word «ours» describes the books the students use together. It shows shared belonging.
Understanding possessive forms helps students show belonging correctly. This makes English clearer and more accurate.
Mini Tips
My book → есть существительное, значит прилагательное.
The book is mine → существительного нет, значит местоимение.
Не используй the перед притяжательными формами.
Articles: a, an, the
Grammar Focus
Articles (артикли) — это служебные слова, которые стоят перед существительными. В английском языке есть два вида артиклей: неопределённые (a, an) и определённый (the).
Indefinite Articles: a / an
Артикли a и an используются:
когда мы говорим о предмете впервые;
когда предмет один из многих;
с профессиями.
a ставится перед словами, которые начинаются с согласного звука:
a book, a student
an ставится перед словами, которые начинаются с гласного звука:
an apple, an idea
She is a teacher.
Definite Article: the
Артикль the используется:
когда предмет известен говорящему и слушающему;
когда предмет упоминался раньше;
когда он единственный в ситуации.
The book is on the table.
Важно:
Артикли не используются с именами собственными, языками и большинством абстрактных понятий.
В русском языке артиклей нет, поэтому их нужно учить как правило.
Совет: если сомневаешься, задай вопрос: «Этот предмет конкретный или любой?»
Story
I am a student, and every school day starts in the same way. I take a bag and put a book and a notebook inside. On the table there is an apple and a glass of water. The apple is fresh and вкусный, so I eat it before leaving home.
At school I see a teacher in the corridor. She is a new teacher, and she teaches English. In the classroom there is a board, a desk, and a window. The desk is near the window, and the board is on the wall. The classroom is clean and comfortable.
During the lesson, the teacher opens a book and asks us to read a text. The text is about a student and a school day. After the lesson, we go to the library. The library is quiet, and the books are on the shelves.
At the end of the day, I understand that articles are important. They help me speak and write English correctly and clearly.
Useful Words and Expressions
article — артикль
noun — существительное
book — книга
notebook — тетрадь
apple — яблоко
teacher — учитель
classroom — класс
board — доска
desk — парта, стол
window — окно
library — библиотека
shelf — полка
text — текст
corridor — коридор
fresh — свежий
comfortable — удобный
important — важный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with a, an, or the
I see ___ student in the classroom.
___ student is my friend.
She has ___ apple in her bag.
___ apple is red and fresh.
There is ___ board on the wall.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
He is ___ teacher.
a) a
b) an
c) the
___ book on the table is mine.
a) A
b) An
c) The
I eat ___ orange every day.
a) a
b) an
c) the
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does the narrator put in the bag in the morning?
Who is the teacher in the corridor?
What objects are in the classroom?
Where do the students go after the lesson?
Why are articles important for the narrator?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
a
The
an
The
a
Exercise 2:
1–a, 2–c, 3–b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The narrator puts a book and a notebook in the bag. These items are needed for school.
The teacher in the corridor is a new English teacher. She teaches English at the school.
The classroom has a board, a desk, and a window. These objects are used during the lesson.
The students go to the library after the lesson. It is a quiet place to read.
Articles are important because they help the narrator speak and write clearly. They show if a noun is specific or general.
Mini Tips
a / an — первый раз, «любой».
the — «тот самый», уже известный.
Слушай звук, а не букву: an hour, a university.
There is / There are
Grammar Focus
Конструкция there is / there are используется, чтобы сказать, что что-то существует или находится где-то. Она часто переводится как «есть», «имеется», «находится».
There is — используется с единственным числом и неисчисляемыми существительными.
There is a book on the table. — На столе есть книга.
There are — используется с множественным числом.
There are two windows in the room. — В комнате есть два окна.
Отрицание
There is not (isn’t) a pen on the desk.
There are not (aren’t) any students here.
Вопрос
Is there a library in your school?
Are there many books on the shelf?
Важно: после there is / there are сначала идёт объект, а не место.
Совет: сначала посмотри на существительное — одно или несколько.
Story
Every morning I enter my classroom and look around. There is a big board on the wall, and there is a teacher’s desk near the window. There are many desks for students, and there are chairs next to them. The classroom is bright and clean.
On the teacher’s desk, there is a book and a notebook. There is also a cup with water. On the wall, there are pictures and a clock. There is always silence before the lesson starts.
During the lesson, there are many tasks to do. There is an exercise in the book, and there are questions on the board. Sometimes there is a test, and everyone is focused.
After lessons, we go to the school library. There are a lot of books on the shelves. There is a quiet place to read and study. There are students who prepare homework there.
At the end of the day, I understand that English is easier when the structure is clear. There is confidence in learning, and there are good results with practice.
Useful Words and Expressions
there is — есть (ед. число)
there are — есть (мн. число)
classroom — класс
desk — стол, парта
chair — стул
board — доска
wall — стена
shelf — полка
clock — часы
task — задание
question — вопрос
test — тест
library — библиотека
silence — тишина
result — результат
confidence — уверенность
prepare — готовить
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with there is or there are
___ a book on the desk.
___ two windows in the classroom.
___ many students in the library.
___ a clock on the wall.
___ some exercises in the book.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
___ a teacher in the room.
a) There is
b) There are
___ many books on the shelf.
a) There is
b) There are
Is ___ a test today?
a) there is
b) there
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What objects are in the classroom?
What is on the teacher’s desk?
Where do the students go after lessons?
What can students do in the library?
How does clear structure help the narrator learn English?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
There is
There are
There are
There is
There are
Exercise 2:
1–a, 2–b, 3–b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
There is a board on the wall, and there are desks and chairs in the classroom. These objects are used during lessons.
There is a book, a notebook, and a cup with water on the teacher’s desk. These items help during the lesson.
The students go to the school library after lessons. It is a quiet place.
Students can read, study, and prepare homework in the library. It helps them focus.
Clear structure makes English easier to understand. It gives the narrator confidence and better results.
Mini Tips
Смотри на существительное после конструкции.
There is — один предмет, there are — несколько.
В вопросах is / are ставится перед there.
Plural Forms of Nouns
Grammar Focus
Plural forms of nouns (множественное число существительных) используются, когда мы говорим о двух и более предметах, людях или вещах.
Основные правила образования множественного числа
Большинство существительных образуют множественное число с помощью -s:
book — books, student — students
Существительные, которые оканчиваются на -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, получают -es:
class — classes, box — boxes
Существительные на согласную + y:
y → ies
city — cities
Существительные на гласную + y:
добавляется -s
day — days
Некоторые существительные имеют неправильную форму:
man — men, woman — women, child — children
Важно:
После числительных two, three, many используется только множественное число.
Слово people уже является формой множественного числа.
Совет: новые существительные лучше учить сразу в двух формах.
Story
I am a student, and every day I see many people at school. There are students in the classrooms and teachers in the corridors. In my class, there are desks, chairs, and books on the tables. The windows are big, and the walls are clean.
During the lessons, we open our books and write in our notebooks. Sometimes we do exercises, and sometimes we read texts. The teachers give tasks and check our answers. All the students try to do their best.
After school, I meet my friends in the yard. There are boys and girls from different classes. Some children play games, and others talk about their hobbies. On the playground, there are balls, bags, and boxes with sports equipment.
At home, I help my parents with small tasks. There are dishes in the kitchen and flowers in the garden. Learning plural forms helps me speak about the world around me more clearly. Words become more useful when I can use them in the right form.
Useful Words and Expressions
plural — множественное число
noun — существительное
student — ученик
teacher — учитель
class — класс
desk — парта
chair — стул
book — книга
notebook — тетрадь
exercise — упражнение
task — задание
friend — друг
child — ребёнок
game — игра
parent — родитель
flower — цветок
world — мир
Exercises
Exercise 1. Write the plural form
book → ______
class → ______
city → ______
child → ______
box → ______
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer
There are many ___ in the classroom.
a) desk
b) desks
Two ___ are in the yard.
a) child
b) children
I see three ___.
a) boxs
b) boxes
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
Who does the narrator see at school every day?
What objects are in the classroom?
What do students do during the lessons?
Who does the narrator meet after school?
Why are plural forms important for the narrator?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
books
classes
cities
children
boxes
Exercise 2:
1–b, 2–b, 3–b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The narrator sees many students and teachers at school every day. They are in classrooms and corridors.
There are desks, chairs, books, and windows in the classroom. These objects are used during lessons.
Students read texts, write in notebooks, and do exercises during the lessons. Teachers check their work.
The narrator meets friends after school. They play games and talk in the yard.
Plural forms are important because they help the narrator speak about many objects clearly. Correct forms make speech accurate.
Mini Tips
После many, a lot of, two, three всегда используй множественное число.
Обрати внимание на слова с неправильной формой.
Учись видеть окончание слова перед образованием множественного числа.
Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those
Grammar Focus
Demonstrative pronouns (указательные местоимения) используются, чтобы указывать на предметы, людей или идеи и показывать, насколько они близко или далеко от говорящего.
Для единственного числа, когда предмет близко, используется this:
This book is new. — Эта книга новая.
Для единственного числа, когда предмет далеко, используется that:
That school is old. — Та школа старая.
Для множественного числа, когда предметы близко, используется these:
These desks are clean. — Эти парты чистые.
Для множественного числа, когда предметы далеко, используется those:
Those students are in the yard. — Те ученики во дворе.
Важно:
this и that используются только с существительными в единственном числе;
these и those — только с существительными во множественном числе.
Совет: если предмет можно взять рукой — чаще всего this / these. Если он далеко — that / those.
Story
Every morning I come to school and look around. This classroom is bright and comfortable. These desks are clean, and these chairs are ready for the lesson. I like this place because it helps me focus.
From the window, I can see the yard. That yard is big and green. Those trees are old, and those students near them are my friends from another class. They are having fun before the lesson starts.
During the lesson, the teacher shows us different objects. This book is for reading, and that book is for exercises. These pages are easy, but those pages are more difficult. The teacher explains everything clearly.
After school, I walk home and think about the day. This day is interesting and useful. Those moments at school help me learn new things. Learning demonstrative pronouns makes English clearer and helps me describe the world around me with confidence.
Useful Words and Expressions
demonstrative pronoun — указательное местоимение
close — близко
far — далеко
classroom — класс
desk — парта
chair — стул
yard — двор
tree — дерево
page — страница
object — предмет
lesson — урок
exercise — упражнение
different — разный
moment — момент
useful — полезный
describe — описывать
around — вокруг
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct demonstrative pronoun
___ book in my hand is new.
a) This
b) That
___ trees over there are very tall.
a) These
b) Those
___ desks near me are clean.
a) This
b) These
___ classroom across the yard is our gym.
a) This
b) That
___ students at the door are late.
a) These
b) This
Exercise 2. Match the pronoun with its use
this — singular, close
that — singular, far
these — plural, close
those — plural, far
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
How does the narrator describe the classroom?
What can the narrator see from the window?
Which books does the teacher show during the lesson?
Which pages are more difficult?
How do demonstrative pronouns help the narrator?
Answer Key
Exercise 1: 1–a, 2–b, 3–b, 4–b, 5–a
Exercise 2: 1–singular, close; 2–singular, far; 3–plural, close; 4–plural, far
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The narrator describes the classroom as bright and comfortable. It helps the student focus during lessons.
From the window, the narrator can see the yard, trees, and students. They are outside the classroom.
The teacher shows one book for reading and another book for exercises. They have different purposes.
The pages that are farther in the book are more difficult. They need more attention.
Demonstrative pronouns help the narrator show distance and number. They make descriptions clearer.
Mini Tips
This / these — близко к тебе.
That / those — далеко от тебя.
Сначала проверь число, потом расстояние.
The Present Simple Tense
Grammar Focus
The Present Simple tense (простое настоящее время) используется для описания:
Регулярных действий или привычек
I go to school every day. — Я хожу в школу каждый день.
Общеизвестных фактов и истин
The sun rises in the east. — Солнце встает на востоке.
Расписаний и программ
The train leaves at 8 o’clock. — Поезд отправляется в 8 часов.
Формы глагола
Для I, you, we, they: глагол в начальной форме
I play football. / They study English.
Для he, she, it: к глаголу добавляется -s или -es
He plays football. / She watches TV.
Отрицание:
do not (don’t) + глагол (I, you, we, they)
I don’t like coffee.
does not (doesn’t) + глагол (he, she, it)
He doesn’t like coffee.
Вопрос:
Do I/you/we/they + глагол?
Do you study English?
Does he/she/it + глагол?
Does she play football?
Совет: для he/she/it не забывай добавлять -s / -es, иначе предложение будет неправильным.
Story
I am a student and I go to school every day. I wake up at seven o’clock and eat breakfast. My mother makes breakfast, and my father drinks coffee. After that, I take my bag and leave home. I walk to school with my friend. He goes the same way, and we talk about our lessons.
At school, the teacher starts the lesson at nine o’clock. She teaches English and explains the grammar clearly. The students listen carefully and write exercises in their notebooks. Some students ask questions, and the teacher answers them. Everyone enjoys the lesson.
After lessons, I play football in the yard. My friends play with me, and we have a lot of fun. In the evening, I do my homework and read a book. I like English because it helps me communicate and understand the world. Every day I practice, and I feel more confident.
Useful Words and Expressions
present simple — простое настоящее время
habit — привычка
routine — распорядок
fact — факт
schedule — расписание
lesson — урок
exercise — упражнение
question — вопрос
answer — ответ
breakfast — завтрак
bag — сумка
school — школа
yard — двор
friend — друг
communicate — общаться
understand — понимать
confident — уверенный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb
I ___ (go) to school every day.
He ___ (play) football in the yard.
She ___ (like) English lessons.
They ___ (do) exercises in the notebook.
My mother ___ (make) breakfast in the morning.
Exercise 2. Make questions
you / study / English
he / play / football
she / like / tea
they / go / to school
it / rain / in winter
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does the narrator do every morning?
Who makes breakfast?
What happens at school at nine o’clock?
What do the students do during the lesson?
Why does the narrator like English?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
go
plays
likes
do
makes
Exercise 2:
Do you study English?
Does he play football?
Does she like tea?
Do they go to school?
Does it rain in winter?
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The narrator wakes up, eats breakfast, takes the bag, and goes to school every morning.
The narrator’s mother makes breakfast. The father drinks coffee.
At nine o’clock, the teacher starts the English lesson and explains grammar clearly.
During the lesson, students listen, write exercises, and ask questions. The teacher answers them.
The narrator likes English because it helps communicate and understand the world. It also gives confidence.
Mini Tips
Для he, she, it всегда добавляй -s / -es к глаголу.
В вопросах и отрицаниях используй do / does.
Придерживайся привычек и расписания, чтобы легче запоминать Present Simple.
Adverbs of Frequency
Grammar Focus
Adverbs of frequency (наречия частоты) показывают, как часто происходит действие. Они помогают описывать привычки, распорядок и регулярные события.
Основные наречия частоты:
always — всегда
usually — обычно
often — часто
sometimes — иногда
rarely — редко
never — никогда
Порядок в предложении:
Наречия частоты обычно ставятся перед основным глаголом, но после глагола to be.
Примеры:
I always wake up at seven o’clock. — Я всегда встаю в семь.
She is usually happy. — Она обычно счастлива.
They often play football in the yard. — Они часто играют в футбол во дворе.
He never eats fast food. — Он никогда не ест фастфуд.
Совет: сначала определите, что вы хотите сказать — частоту действия, потом выберите наречие.
Story
I am a student and I have a daily routine. I always wake up at seven o’clock and eat breakfast. My father usually drinks coffee, and my mother often reads the newspaper. After breakfast, I sometimes help my mother in the kitchen.
At school, I always go to my classroom first. I often meet my friends in the corridor. During lessons, we usually listen carefully and do exercises in our notebooks. Sometimes we ask the teacher questions, and she answers them. We rarely forget our homework.
After lessons, I sometimes play football in the yard. My friends often play with me, and we always have fun. In the evening, I never watch TV before doing my homework. I read books, write exercises, and prepare for the next day. Learning English is always interesting for me, and practicing every day makes me confident.
Useful Words and Expressions
adverb of frequency — наречие частоты
always — всегда
usually — обычно
often — часто
sometimes — иногда
rarely — редко
never — никогда
routine — распорядок
breakfast — завтрак
homework — домашнее задание
classroom — класс
corridor — коридор
friend — друг
exercise — упражнение
teacher — учитель
play — играть
confident — уверенный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct adverb of frequency
I ___ wake up at seven o’clock.
She ___ goes to school by bus.
They ___ play football after lessons.
He ___ forgets his homework.
We ___ do exercises in the notebook.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence
a) I never eat breakfast before school.
b) I eat never breakfast before school.
a) She is usually happy.
b) She usually is happy.
a) They often go to the library.
b) They go often to the library.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What does the narrator always do in the morning?
What does the mother usually do?
What do students sometimes do during lessons?
How often does the narrator play football?
What does the narrator never do before homework?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
always
usually
often
rarely
sometimes
Exercise 2:
1–a, 2–a, 3–a
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The narrator always wakes up at seven o’clock and eats breakfast.
The mother usually reads the newspaper.
Students sometimes ask the teacher questions during lessons.
The narrator sometimes plays football in the yard.
The narrator never watches TV before doing homework.
Mini Tips
Наречие частоты ставится перед основным глаголом, но после глагола to be.
Для ежедневных привычек используйте always / usually.
Для редких действий — sometimes / rarely / never.
Prepositions of Place
Grammar Focus
Prepositions of place (предлоги места) показывают расположение предметов, людей и животных. Они отвечают на вопросы «Where?» — Где? / Где находится?».
Основные предлоги места:
in — в, внутри чего-то
The books are in the bag. — Книги в сумке.
on — на поверхности
The notebook is on the desk. — Тетрадь на столе.
under — под
The cat is under the table. — Кот под столом.
next to / beside — рядом с
The chair is next to the desk. — Стул рядом с партой.
between — между
The school is between the library and the park. — Школа между библиотекой и парком.
behind — за, позади
The ball is behind the chair. — Мяч за стулом.
in front of — перед
The teacher is in front of the classroom. — Учитель перед классом.
near — около, недалеко
The shop is near the school. — Магазин недалеко от школы.
Совет: сначала найдите основной объект, потом скажите, где он находится относительно других предметов.
Story
I am a student and I always check my classroom before lessons. There is a desk in the middle of the room, and the chair is behind it. The teacher’s desk is in front of the students. On the desk, there is a notebook, a pen, and a book.
Next to the window, there is a shelf with books. There are pencils, pens, and notebooks on the shelf. Under the teacher’s desk, there is a small box. Between the door and the board, there is a table for exercises.
Outside the classroom, near the yard, there is a playground. There are swings and slides on the playground. Behind the school building, there is a garden. I like to walk there during breaks.
Every day I notice different things in the classroom and around the school. Learning prepositions of place helps me describe my school clearly. I can tell where everything is, and it makes English easier to use.
Useful Words and Expressions
preposition — предлог
place — место
desk — парта
chair — стул
notebook — тетрадь
pen — ручка
book — книга
shelf — полка
box — коробка
board — доска
window — окно
table — стол
playground — игровая площадка
swing — качели
slide — горка
garden — сад
in front of — перед
behind — за
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition
The notebook is ___ the desk.
The chair is ___ the desk.
The shelf is ___ the window.
The table is ___ the door and the board.
The garden is ___ the school building.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence
a) The cat is under the table.
b) The cat is on under the table.
a) The school is near the park.
b) The school is in near the park.
a) The teacher is in front of the classroom.
b) The teacher is in front the classroom.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
Where is the teacher’s desk?
What is on the teacher’s desk?
Where is the chair in the classroom?
What can you see near the yard?
Where is the garden?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
on
behind
next to
between
behind
Exercise 2:
1–a, 2–a, 3–a
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The teacher’s desk is in front of the students in the classroom.
On the teacher’s desk, there is a notebook, a pen, and a book.
The chair is behind the desk in the classroom.
Near the yard, there is a playground with swings and slides.
The garden is behind the school building.
Mini Tips
Сначала найдите основной объект, потом добавьте предлог.
Для расположения предметов используйте in, on, under.
Для отношений между объектами используйте next to, between, in front of, behind, near.
The Present Continuous Tense
Grammar Focus
The Present Continuous tense (настоящее продолженное время) используется, чтобы говорить о действиях, которые происходят сейчас, в момент речи, или о временных ситуациях.
Формула:
Положительное предложение: subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing
I am reading a book. — Я читаю книгу.
She is watching TV. — Она смотрит телевизор.
They are playing football. — Они играют в футбол.
Отрицание:
subject + am/is/are + not + verb + -ing
I am not sleeping. — Я не сплю.
He is not working. — Он не работает.
Вопрос:
Am/Is/Are + subject + verb + -ing?
Are you studying English? — Ты учишь английский?
Is she reading a book? — Она читает книгу?
Совет: добавляйте -ing к основе глагола, но будьте внимательны с изменениями:
Если глагол оканчивается на -e, буква е исчезает: make → making.
Если короткий глагол с одной согласной после одной гласной, согласная удваивается: run → running.
Story
I am sitting at my desk and writing in my notebook. My friend is standing near the window and looking outside. The teacher is speaking and explaining the new lesson. Some students are listening carefully, and some are asking questions.
Outside the classroom, children are playing in the yard. They are running, laughing, and having fun. A group of students is playing football, and another group is swinging on the swings. The sun is shining, and birds are singing in the garden.
At home, my mother is cooking dinner, and my father is reading a newspaper. My sister is doing her homework, and my dog is sleeping on the sofa. Every day I am learning new things, and I am practicing English. Watching people and listening carefully helps me understand what is happening around me.
Useful Words and Expressions
present continuous — настоящее продолженное время
action — действие
now — сейчас
at the moment — в данный момент
sitting — сидит
standing — стоит
writing — пишет
reading — читает
listening — слушает
speaking — говорит
playing — играет
running — бегает
cooking — готовит
laughing — смеется
sleeping — спит
swinging — качается
happening — происходит
Exercises
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb
I ___ (write) in my notebook now.
She ___ (read) a book at the moment.
They ___ (play) football in the yard.
He ___ (not watch) TV.
We ___ (listen) to the teacher.
Exercise 2. Make questions
you / do / homework / now
he / play / computer games
she / read / newspaper
they / run / in the yard
the cat / sleep / on the sofa
Exercise 3. Answer the questions
What is the narrator doing at the desk?
What are the children doing outside?
Who is cooking at home?
What is the dog doing?
How does the narrator learn English every day?
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
am writing
is reading
are playing
is not watching
are listening
Exercise 2:
Are you doing homework now?
Is he playing computer games?
Is she reading the newspaper?
Are they running in the yard?
Is the cat sleeping on the sofa?
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers):
The narrator is writing in the notebook at the desk.
The children are playing, running, laughing, and swinging outside in the yard.
The narrator’s mother is cooking at home.
The dog is sleeping on the sofa.
The narrator learns English every day by watching people, listening carefully, and practicing new things.
Mini Tips
Используйте am/is/are + -ing для действий, которые происходят прямо сейчас.
В отрицаниях добавляйте not после am/is/are.
В вопросах am/is/are ставится перед подлежащим.
Present Simple vs Present Continuous
Grammar Focus
Present Simple и Present Continuous часто используются вместе, но они выражают разные типы действий.
1. Present Simple
Говорит о регулярных действиях, привычках, расписаниях, общеизвестных фактах.
Формула: subject + verb (s/es) для he/she/it, verb для I/you/we/they.
Примеры:
I go to school every day. — Я хожу в школу каждый день.
She likes coffee. — Ей нравится кофе.
2. Present Continuous
Говорит о действиях, происходящих прямо сейчас, или о временных ситуациях.
Формула: subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing.
Примеры:
I am going to school now. — Я иду в школу сейчас.
She is drinking coffee at the moment. — Она пьет кофе в данный момент.
Сравнение:
Present Simple: I play football every Sunday. — привычка.
Present Continuous: I am playing football now. — действие прямо сейчас.
Present Simple: The sun rises in the east. — факт.
Present Continuous: The sun is shining now. — текущее состояние.
Совет: если говорите о привычках или расписаниях — Present Simple. Если действие происходит в момент речи — Present Continuous.
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