Бесплатный фрагмент - Did You Know That…? Encyclopedia of Curious and Interesting Facts

Fact 1

Did you know that the Great Wall of China is visible from space?

It’s true! The Great Wall of China is one of the most iconic structures on Earth, and it’s so large that it can even be seen from space. In fact, it’s one of the only man-made structures that is visible from orbit.

The Great Wall was built over a period of centuries, starting in the 7th century BC. It was originally built to protect China from invaders, and it stretches for over 13,000 miles across the country. The wall is made of stone, brick, and earth, and it’s up to 30 feet high in some places.

The Great Wall is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and it’s one of the most popular tourist destinations in China. Every year, millions of people visit the wall to see its incredible size and beauty.

The Great Wall of China is a testament to the ingenuity and perseverance of the Chinese people. It’s a symbol of China’s rich history and culture, and it’s one of the most amazing sights on Earth.

Here are some other interesting facts about the Great Wall of China:

The wall was built by hand, using simple tools and materials.

It took over 2,000 years to build the wall.

The wall was built by millions of workers, including soldiers, prisoners, and peasants.

The wall was never completely finished.The wall has been damaged over the centuries by war, erosion, and natural disasters.The wall is now protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The wall is one of the most popular tourist destinations in China.

WORDLIST:

invaders — захватчики

stretches for — простирается на

brick — кирпич

Heritage — наследие

tourist destinations — туристические направления

incredible — невероятный

testament — свидетельство

ingenuity — изобретательность

perseverance — настойчивость

tools — инструменты

prisoners — заключенные

peasants — крестьяне

erosion — эрозия

natural disasters — природные бедствия

QUESTIONS:

— Is the Great Wall of China visible from space?

— When was the Great Wall of China built?

— What was the purpose of the Great Wall of China?

— How long is the Great Wall of China?

— What materials was the Great Wall of China made from?

— How tall is the Great Wall of China in some places?

— What is the status of the Great Wall of China as a UNESCO World Heritage Site?

— Why is the Great Wall of China one of the most popular tourist destinations in China?

— How was the Great Wall of China built?

— How long did it take to build the Great Wall of China?

— Who built the Great Wall of China?

— Was the Great Wall of China ever completely finished?

— What has damaged the Great Wall of China over the centuries?

Fact 2

Did you know that the first telephone call was made in 1876?

Imagine a world without phones. No smartphones, no landlines, no way to instantly connect with someone who isn’t right next to you. It may seem impossible, but that’s exactly how it was before the invention of the telephone.

On March 10, 1876, that all changed when Alexander Graham Bell uttered the historic words, “Mr. Watson, come here; I want you.” These words marked the first successful transmission of speech over a wire. Bell had invented the telephone, and the world would never be the same again.

The early telephone was a far cry from the sophisticated devices we use today. It consisted of a transmitter and a receiver, connected by a wire. The transmitter converted sound waves into electrical signals, which were then transmitted through the wire to the receiver. The receiver converted the electrical signals back into sound waves, allowing the person on the other end to hear what was being said.

The first telephone call was a monumental achievement, but it was only the beginning. Over the next few years, Bell and other inventors made significant improvements to the telephone, making it more powerful, reliable, and affordable. By the end of the 1800s, telephones were becoming widespread in homes and businesses, revolutionizing the way people communicated.

Today, the telephone is an essential part of our lives. We use it to stay connected with friends and family, conduct business, and access information. It’s hard to imagine a world without it.

But as we marvel at the convenience and power of modern communication, it’s important to remember where it all began. The first telephone call was a small step, but it was a step that changed the world forever.

Here are some additional facts about the first telephone call:

The call lasted about two seconds.

Bell’s assistant, Thomas Watson, was the one who answered the call.

The call was made from Bell’s laboratory in Salem, Massachusetts.

The phone was initially called the “telephone.”

The first telephone switchboard was invented in 1878.

By 1900, there were over 1 million telephones in use in the United States.

WORDLIST:

landlines — стационарные телефоны

instantly — мгновенно

invention — изобретение

uttered — произнес

transmission of speech — передача речи

wire — провод

a far cry from — далеко от

sophisticated — сложный

consisted of — состоял из

transmitter — передатчик

receiver — приемник

sound waves — звуковые волны

monumental — монументальный

achievement — достижение

significant improvements — значительные улучшения

reliable — надежный

affordable — доступный

widespread — широко распространенный

essential — существенный

conduct business — вести бизнес

access — доступ

marvel — удивляться

convenience — удобство

additional — дополнительный

assistant — помощник

telephone switchboard — телефонная станция

QUESTIONS:

— When was the first telephone call made?

— Who invented the telephone?

— What were the first telephones like?

— How did the telephone revolutionize communication?

— What are some additional facts about the first telephone call?

— How long did the first telephone call last?

— Who answered the first telephone call?

— Where was the first telephone call made from?

— What was the telephone initially called?

— When was the first telephone switchboard invented?

— How many telephones were in use in the United States by 1900?

Fact 3

Did you know that the Statue of Liberty was a gift from France?

One of the most iconic landmarks in the world, the Statue of Liberty is a symbol of freedom and democracy. But did you know that this beloved statue was actually a gift from France?

The Statue of Liberty was conceived by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi in the late 1800s. He envisioned a colossal statue that would stand at the entrance to New York Harbor, welcoming immigrants from all over the world.

The statue was a joint effort between France and the United States. Bartholdi designed and sculpted the statue, while Gustave Eiffel, the engineer behind the Eiffel Tower, designed the statue’s internal structure. The statue was built in France and then disassembled and shipped to the United States in 350 pieces.

On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was dedicated in a grand ceremony in New York Harbor. President Grover Cleveland presided over the ceremony, and thousands of people gathered to witness the unveiling of the statue.

The Statue of Liberty quickly became a symbol of hope and freedom for immigrants arriving in the United States. It was also a symbol of the strong friendship between France and the United States.

Today, the Statue of Liberty is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. Millions of people visit the statue each year to admire its beauty and to learn about its history.

The Statue of Liberty is more than just a statue. It is a symbol of freedom, democracy, and friendship. It is a reminder of the strong ties between France and the United States, and it is a testament to the power of human creativity.

Here are some additional facts about the Statue of Liberty:

The statue is made of copper.

The statue is 151 feet tall from the base to the torch.

The statue weighs 450,000 pounds.

The statue’s torch is made of gold leaf.

The statue’s crown has 25 windows, representing the 25 rays of the sun.

The statue’s pedestal is made of granite.

The statue is located on Liberty Island in New York Harbor.

The statue was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984.

WORDLIST:

landmarks — достопримечательности

freedom — свобода

beloved — любимый

was conceived — был задуман

envisioned — представлял себе

entrance — вход

harbor — гавань

joint effort — совместные усилия

internal — внутренний

disassembled — разобранный

was dedicated — был посвящен

witness — свидетель

unveiling — открытие

tourist destinations — туристические направления

admire — восхищаться

reminder — напоминание

strong ties — прочные связи

testament — свидетельство

human creativity — человеческое творчество

additional — дополнительный

copper — медь

torch — факел

weighs — весит

gold leaf — сусальное золото

crown — корона

rays — лучи

Heritage — наследие

QUESTIONS:

— Who conceived the Statue of Liberty?

— Who designed the Statue of Liberty’s internal structure?

— Where was the Statue of Liberty built?

— When was the Statue of Liberty dedicated?

— Who presided over the dedication ceremony?

— What is the Statue of Liberty made of?

— How tall is the Statue of Liberty?

— How much does the Statue of Liberty weigh?

— What is the Statue of Liberty’s torch made of?

— How many windows are in the Statue of Liberty’s crown?

— What does the Statue of Liberty’s crown represent?

— Where is the Statue of Liberty located?

— When was the Statue of Liberty designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site?

Fact 4

Did you know that the ancient Egyptians used to shave their eyebrows as a sign of mourning?

This intriguing practice, along with other elaborate grooming rituals, offers a fascinating glimpse into their complex society and belief system.

The Cultural Context of Mourning

In ancient Egyptian culture, mourning was a time of intense grief and sorrow. To honor the deceased and express their pain, mourners engaged in various rituals, including shaving their eyebrows. This practice was not limited to the immediate family but also extended to friends and even servants.

Symbolic Significance of Eyebrows

In Egyptian art, eyebrows were often depicted as symbols of beauty, youth, and vitality. Their absence, therefore, represented the loss of these qualities and the transition into a state of mourning. By removing their eyebrows, mourners sought to physically manifest their sadness and detachment from the world.

Other Mourning Practices

Eyebrow shaving was just one aspect of a broader mourning repertoire. Other practices included:

— Wearing dark clothing and covering the face with dust or mud

— Refraining from bathing, perfuming, or using cosmetics

— Cutting off fingernails and hair

— Weeping and wailing in public processions

Gendered Mourning Rituals

Mourning practices differed slightly between men and women. While both shaved their eyebrows, men were also known to grow their beards as a sign of grief. Women, on the other hand, typically wore long, disheveled hair.

Duration of Mourning

The duration of mourning varied depending on the social status of the deceased. For high-ranking individuals, such as pharaohs and priests, mourning could last up to 70 days. For ordinary citizens, it typically lasted between 30 and 40 days.

Hygiene and Religious Beliefs

In addition to its symbolic significance, eyebrow shaving was also a practical hygiene measure. During mourning, Egyptians were expected to remain in a state of ritual purity. Shaving eyebrows helped prevent lice and other parasites from infesting the face.

Evolution of Mourning Practices

Over time, Egyptian mourning practices evolved. During the Roman period, eyebrow shaving became less common, while other forms of mourning, such as covering the face with a veil, gained prominence.

Legacy of Egyptian Grooming

The grooming practices of ancient Egyptians continue to fascinate scholars and enthusiasts alike. By understanding the cultural and symbolic significance of these practices, we gain a deeper appreciation for the complexities of their society and their beliefs about life and death.

WORDLIST:

intriguing — интригующий

elaborate — сложный

grooming rituals — ритуалы ухода

glimpse — проблеск

mourning — траур

ancient — древний

intense grief — сильное горе

sorrow — печаль

deceased — умерший

pain — боль

various — различные

shaving their eyebrows — бритье бровей

immediate family — ближайшие родственники

servants — слуги

significance — значение

depicted as — изображались как

youth — молодость

vitality — жизненная сила

absence — отсутствие

therefore — поэтому

detachment — отчуждение

dust — пыль

refraining — воздержание

fingernails — ногти

weeping — плач

wailing — стенание

slightly — немного

beards — бороды

on the other hand — с другой стороны

disheveled hair — растрепанные волосы

duration — продолжительность

priests — жрецы

ordinary citizens — простые граждане

purity — чистота

prevent — предотвращать

lice — вши

from infesting — от заражения

grooming practices — практики ухода

scholars — ученые

appreciation — признательность

QUESTIONS:

— What was the significance of shaving eyebrows in ancient Egyptian mourning practices?

— How did the duration of mourning vary in ancient Egypt?

— What other mourning practices were common in ancient Egypt besides shaving eyebrows?

— How did mourning practices differ between men and women in ancient Egypt?

— What practical hygiene benefit did eyebrow shaving provide during mourning?

— How did Egyptian mourning practices evolve over time?

— What is the legacy of ancient Egyptian grooming practices?

— What can we learn about ancient Egyptian society and beliefs from their grooming practices?

— How did ancient Egyptians depict eyebrows in their art?

— What is the cultural context of mourning in ancient Egypt?

Fact 5

Did you know that the average lifespan of a goldfish is about 10 years?

The average lifespan of a goldfish is about 10 years. However, with proper care, some goldfish can live for much longer. The oldest known goldfish, named Tish, lived for an incredible 43 years!

Factors Affecting Lifespan

Several factors can affect a goldfish’s lifespan, including:

— Genetics: Some breeds of goldfish, such as the Ryukin and the Oranda, have a shorter average lifespan than others like the Shubunkin and the Comet.

— Water Quality: Poor water conditions can stress goldfish and shorten their lives. Regular tank cleaning, proper filtration, and optimal water chemistry are essential.

— Diet: A balanced and nutritious diet is vital for goldfish health. Avoid overfeeding, as goldfish are prone to obesity.

— Stress: Environmental stressors, such as overcrowding, aggressive tank mates, or frequent handling, can negatively impact goldfish lifespan.

— Temperature: Goldfish prefer cool water temperatures ranging from 60°F to 72°F (16°C to 22°C). Extreme temperatures can shorten their life.

Maximizing Goldfish Lifespan

By understanding the factors that influence a goldfish’s lifespan, we can take steps to maximize it:

— Choose Healthy Fish: Start with healthy goldfish that are free from disease and have a good body shape.

— Provide a Spacious Tank: Avoid overcrowding by choosing a tank that is large enough for all the goldfish.

— Maintain Clean Water: Perform regular water changes and use a suitable filter to keep the water free of toxins.

— Feed a Balanced Diet: Feed goldfish a variety of foods, including high-quality pellets, flakes, and frozen or live food.

— Minimize Stress: Provide a peaceful environment with ample hiding places and tank mates that are compatible with goldfish.

— Monitor Temperature: Ensure that the water temperature remains within the optimal range.

— Seek Veterinary Care: If you notice any signs of illness, consult a veterinarian promptly.

Conclusion

By providing our beloved goldfish with the best possible conditions, we can help them reach the full extent of their potential lifespan and enjoy their companionship for many years to come.

WORDLIST:

average — средний

lifespan — продолжительность жизни

proper care — надлежащий уход

incredible — невероятный

breeds — породы

regular tank cleaning — регулярная чистка аквариума

proper — надлежащий

essential — существенный

nutritious — питательный

vital — жизненно важный

avoid — избегать

overfeeding — перекармливание

are prone to — подвержены

obesity — ожирение

overcrowding — перенаселение

mates — товарищи

frequent — частый

handling — обращение

disease — болезнь

spacious — просторный

suitable — подходящий

pellets — гранулы

flakes — хлопья

compatible — совместимый

promptly — незамедлительно

conclusion — заключение

QUESTIONS:

— What is the average lifespan of a goldfish?

— What is the oldest known goldfish on record?

— Name three factors that can affect a goldfish’s lifespan.

— How can you minimize stress for goldfish?

— What is the optimal water temperature range for goldfish?

— What is a sign that you should seek veterinary care for your goldfish?

— What are two types of food that you can feed goldfish?

— What is one way to avoid overcrowding in a goldfish tank?

— What is the importance of maintaining clean water in a goldfish tank?

Fact 6

Did you know that the human body contains about 60% water?

The human body contains about 60% water. That means that for every 100 pounds you weigh, about 60 pounds of it is water! Water is essential for life. It helps our bodies to:

— Regulate temperature

— Transport nutrients and oxygen to cells

— Remove waste products

— Lubricate joints

— Protect organs and tissues

Why is staying hydrated important?

When we don’t drink enough water, we can become dehydrated. Dehydration can lead to a number of health problems, including:

— Fatigue

— Headache

— Constipation

— Muscle cramps

— Dizziness

— Confusion

— Seizures

— Coma

In severe cases, dehydration can be fatal.

How much water should I drink?

The amount of water you need to drink each day depends on a number of factors, including:

— Your activity level

— The climate you live in

— Your overall health

As a general rule of thumb, adults should drink eight glasses of water per day. However, if you are exercising or living in a hot climate, you may need to drink more.

Tips for staying hydrated

Here are a few tips for staying hydrated:

— Drink water throughout the day, even if you don’t feel thirsty.

— Carry a water bottle with you and refill it throughout the day.

— Add fruit or vegetables to your water for flavor.

— Eat fruits and vegetables that are high in water content, such as watermelon, strawberries, and cucumbers.

Conclusion

Water is essential for our health and well-being. By staying hydrated, we can help our bodies function properly and avoid a number of health problems. So next time you’re thirsty, reach for a glass of water and enjoy the benefits of this life-giving liquid!

WORDLIST:

essential — существенный

nutrients — питательные вещества

oxygen — кислород

cells — клетки

remove — удалять

lubricate — смазывать

joints — суставы

tissues — ткани

hydrated — гидратированный

dehydrated — обезвоженный

fatigue — усталость

headache — головная боль

constipation — запор

muscle cramps — мышечные судороги

dizziness — головокружение

confusion — спутанность сознания

seizures — судороги

severe — тяжелый

fatal — смертельный

amount — количество

overall health — общее состояние здоровья

as a general rule of thumb — как общее правило

tips — советы

throughout the day — в течение дня

benefits — преимущества

QUESTIONS:

— What percentage of the human body is made up of water?

— List four functions of water in the body.

— What are some signs of dehydration?

— How much water should adults drink per day as a general rule of thumb?

— What are three tips for staying hydrated?

Fact 7

Did you know that lightning can travel up to 200 miles in a split second?

Have you ever wondered about the incredible speed of lightning? It can travel up to 200 miles in a split second! This amazing phenomenon is a key part of our planet’s weather system.

What is Lightning?

Lightning is a giant electrical discharge that happens inside a thunderstorm cloud or between the cloud and the ground. The air inside the cloud becomes filled with electricity, and when the difference between positive and negative charges gets too big, a lightning bolt is released to balance them out.

Types of Lightning

There are three main types of lightning:

— Intracloud: Happens inside a single thunderstorm cloud.

— Cloud-to-Cloud: Jumps between two different thunderstorm clouds.

— Cloud-to-Ground: The most common type, strikes the earth’s surface.

Lightning’s Incredible Speed

Lightning travels incredibly fast, usually between 100,000 and 200,000 miles per hour. That means it can cover huge distances in a tiny fraction of a second, making it one of the fastest things in nature.

Safety First

Even though lightning is amazing to watch, it’s important to remember that it can also be dangerous. If you’re caught in a thunderstorm, the safest thing to do is go inside a sturdy building, stay away from open areas, and unplug electrical appliances.

Interesting Facts

Here are some fun facts about lightning:

— It strikes the Earth about 100 times every second.

— The longest lightning bolt ever recorded was over 267 miles long.

— The tallest building ever hit by lightning is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.

— Lightning can start wildfires and cause power outages.

— Scientists are still learning about exactly how lightning forms.

Lightning is a powerful and beautiful force of nature. By understanding it and taking safety precautions, we can appreciate its beauty from a distance and stay safe during thunderstorms.

WORDLIST:

lightning — молния

in a split second — в доли секунды

giant — гигантский

discharge — разряд

thunderstorm cloud — грозовая туча

positive and negative charges — положительные и отрицательные заряды

lightning bolt — молния

strikes — ударяет

surface — поверхность

cover huge distances — преодолевать огромные расстояния

tiny fraction — крошечная доля

sturdy — прочный

unplug — отключать

electrical appliances — электроприборы

cause — вызывать

power outages — перебои в подаче электроэнергии

precautions — меры предосторожности

appreciate — ценить

QUESTIONS:

— How fast can lightning travel?

— What is lightning?

— Name the three main types of lightning.

— Why is it important to take safety precautions during a thunderstorm?

— What is the tallest building ever hit by lightning?

— Can lightning cause wildfires and power outages?

— Are scientists still learning about lightning formation?

— What is the best way to stay safe during a thunderstorm?

Fact 8

Did you know that the human brain can store approximately 2.5 petabytes of data?

That’s a lot! It’s like having 3 million hours of TV shows or 13 years of video in your head!

How Your Brain Stores Memories

Your brain doesn’t store memories in one place. Instead, it spreads them out in different parts of your brain. This helps you remember things quickly and easily.

The hippocampus is a part of your brain that’s important for making new memories. It helps you connect new memories to things you already know. The prefrontal cortex helps you organize and find memories. And the amygdala helps you remember things that are emotionally important.

Types of Memory

There are different types of memory:

— Episodic memory: Stores your personal experiences and events.

— Semantic memory: Stores general knowledge and facts.

— Procedural memory: Stores skills and habits.

— Working memory: Holds information you’re currently using.

Your Brain Can Change

One amazing thing about your brain is that it can change and adapt throughout your life. This means you can learn new things and remember them, even as you get older.

Things That Affect Your Memory

Some things can affect how well your memory works:

— Age: As you get older, your memory may not be as good as it used to be. But you can still keep your memory sharp by staying active and learning new things.

— Genetics: Some people are born with better memories than others.

— Sleep: Getting enough sleep helps your brain store memories.

— Stress: Too much stress can make it harder to remember things.

— Nutrition: Eating healthy foods can help your brain function better.

Conclusion

Your brain is an amazing organ that can store a lot of information. By understanding how your memory works and taking care of your brain, you can keep your memory sharp for years to come.

WORDLIST:

approximately — приблизительно

store memories — хранить воспоминания

spreads — распространяет

hippocampus — гиппокамп

prefrontal cortex — префронтальная кора

amygdala — миндалевидное тело

general knowledge — общие знания

skills — навыки

habits — привычки

currently — в настоящее время

throughout your life — на протяжении всей жизни

age — возраст

keep your memory sharp — поддерживать остроту памяти

are born — рождаются

nutrition — питание

QUESTIONS:

— Approximately how much data can the human brain store?

— How does the brain store memories?

— Name the main types of memory.

— What is the role of the hippocampus in memory formation?

— How does the brain’s plasticity affect memory?

— What are some factors that can affect memory capacity?

— How can we optimize our brain health and maximize our memory potential?

Fact 9

Did you know that the average person produces enough saliva to fill an Olympic-sized swimming pool over their lifetime?

That’s a lot of spit! But saliva is more than just a wet substance that helps us talk and swallow. It’s a vital fluid that plays a crucial role in our oral health, digestive system, and even our immune response.

Saliva’s Symphony of Functions

Saliva is not just one thing. It’s a complex mixture of water, proteins, enzymes, and minerals that work together to keep our mouths healthy and functioning properly. Here are just a few of saliva’s many functions:

— Protects teeth and gums: Saliva contains antimicrobial proteins and enzymes that help to protect our teeth from cavities and gum disease. It also helps to neutralize acids that can damage tooth enamel.

— Aids digestion: Saliva starts the digestive process by breaking down starches into sugars. It also lubricates food, making it easier to swallow.

— Fights infection: Saliva contains antibodies and white blood cells that help to fight off bacteria and viruses that enter our mouths.

— Enhances taste: Saliva helps us to taste food by dissolving chemicals and carrying them to our taste buds.

— Lubricates the mouth: Saliva keeps our mouths moist, which reduces friction and makes it easier to speak, chew, and swallow.

The Importance of Saliva Production

Saliva production is essential for maintaining good oral health and overall well-being. When we don’t produce enough saliva, we can experience a range of problems, including:

— Tooth decay

— Gum disease

— Oral thrush

— Difficulty chewing, speaking, and swallowing

— Bad breath

Factors Affecting Saliva Production

Several factors can affect saliva production, including:

— Age: Saliva production naturally decreases with age.

— Medications: Some medications, such as antidepressants and decongestants, can have a drying effect on the mouth.

— Medical conditions: Certain diseases, such as diabetes and autoimmune disorders, can also affect saliva production.

— Lifestyle: Smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake can all reduce saliva flow.

Maintaining Optimal Saliva Production

There are a few things you can do to help maintain optimal saliva production:

— Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to keep your mouth moist.

— Chew sugar-free gum: Chewing sugar-free gum can help to stimulate saliva production.

— Use a saliva substitute: If you have dry mouth, you can use a saliva substitute or rinse to help keep your mouth moist.

— See your dentist or doctor: If you have persistent dry mouth, see your dentist or doctor to rule out any underlying medical conditions.

Conclusion

Saliva is an essential fluid that plays a vital role in our health. By understanding its functions and how to maintain optimal saliva production, we can help to keep our mouths healthy and our bodies functioning properly.

WORDLIST:

spit — плевать

saliva — слюна

substance — вещество

swallow — глотать

vital fluid — жизненно важная жидкость

crucial role — решающая роль

oral health — здоровье полости рта

digestive system — пищеварительная система

immune response — иммунный ответ

gums — дёсны

cavities — полости

acids — кислоты

aids digestion — помогает пищеварению

starches — крахмалы

lubricates — смазывает

white blood cells — белые кровяные тельца

enhances taste — усиливает вкус

taste buds — вкусовые рецепторы

moist — влажный

reduces friction — уменьшает трение

chew — жевать

for maintaining — для поддержания

overall well-being — общее благополучие

a range of — ряд

tooth decay — кариес зубов

oral thrush — молочница полости рта

bad breath — неприятный запах изо рта

decreases — уменьшается

decongestants — противоотечные средства

consumption — потребление

intake — потребление

persistent — постоянный

QUESTIONS:

— How much saliva does the average person produce over their lifetime?

— What are the main functions of saliva?

— What are the consequences of inadequate saliva production?

— What factors can affect saliva production?

— How can we maintain optimal saliva production?

Fact 10

Did you know that the largest land mammal is the African elephant?

These amazing animals can weigh up to 6,000 kilograms and stand over 4 meters tall at the shoulder. African elephants are known for their intelligence, social behavior, and their importance to the African ecosystem.

Physical Features

African elephants have some very distinctive features:

— Tusks: Both male and female African elephants have tusks, which are long, curved teeth. Tusks can grow to be over 3 meters long and are used for digging, gathering food, and fighting.

— Ears: African elephants have very large ears that look like fans. They use their ears to cool down by flapping them and increasing airflow.

— Trunk: The elephant’s trunk is a very special body part. It is used for breathing, smelling, touching, grabbing things, and making sounds.

Social Behavior

African elephants are very social animals and live in family groups of up to 100 elephants. These groups are led by a female elephant called the matriarch. Elephants communicate with each other using sounds, body language, and smells.

Intelligence

African elephants are very intelligent animals. They have excellent memories and are able to learn new things. Elephants have been seen using tools, working together to solve problems, and even showing kindness to others.

Importance to the Ecosystem

African elephants are very important to the African ecosystem. They help to control the growth of plants and create clearings in the forest that other animals can use. Elephants also spread seeds, which helps to keep the forest healthy.

Threats and Conservation

African elephants are facing a number of threats, including habitat loss, poaching, and conflict with humans. Poaching for their ivory tusks is a major problem, and has led to a decrease in elephant populations. Conservation efforts are underway to protect African elephants and their habitats.

Conclusion

The African elephant is a truly amazing creature that plays a vital role in the African ecosystem. Its intelligence, social behavior, and importance to the environment make it a species that we should all care about. By learning more about African elephants and supporting conservation efforts, we can help to ensure that these gentle giants continue to roam the savanna for generations to come.

WORDLIST:

shoulder — плечо

intelligence — интеллект

physical features — физические характеристики

distinctive — отличительный

tusks — бивни

male — самец

female — самка

curved — изогнутый

digging — копание

fans — веера

to cool down — охладиться

flapping — хлопанье

increasing airflow — увеличение потока воздуха

trunk — хобот

grabbing — хватание

tools — инструменты

solve problems — решать проблемы

clearings — поляны

spread seeds — распространять семена

threats — угрозы

habitat loss — потеря среды обитания

poaching — браконьерство

decrease — уменьшение

generations — поколения

QUESTIONS:

— What are some of the distinctive physical features of African elephants?

— How do African elephants use their trunks?

— Describe the social behavior of African elephants.

— How are African elephants intelligent?

— What is the importance of African elephants to the ecosystem?

— What are the threats facing African elephants?

— How do African elephants communicate with each other?

— What is the role of the matriarch in an elephant family group?

— How do elephants help to control the growth of plants in the forest?

— Why is poaching a major threat to African elephants?

— What are some conservation efforts that are underway to protect African elephants?

Fact 11

Did you know that the smallest bird is the hummingbird?

These tiny creatures are fascinating to watch, with their bright colors, rapid wingbeats, and ability to hover in mid-air.

Physical Features

Hummingbirds are the smallest birds in the world, with some species being only about the size of a bumblebee. They have long, thin beaks and tongues that they use to suck nectar from flowers. Hummingbirds also have beautiful, iridescent feathers that shimmer and change color in the light.

Flight and Hovering

Hummingbirds are amazing flyers. They can fly forward, backward, up, down, and even upside down. Their wings beat so fast that they make a humming sound, which is how they got their name. Hummingbirds are also the only birds that can hover in mid-air, which allows them to feed on flowers without having to land.

Diet and Feeding

Hummingbirds eat mostly nectar from flowers. They use their long, thin beaks and tongues to reach deep into flowers and suck out the sweet liquid. Hummingbirds also eat insects and spiders, which give them protein and other nutrients.

Importance to the Ecosystem

Hummingbirds are important pollinators. They help to transfer pollen from one flower to another, which helps plants to make seeds. Hummingbirds also help to control insect populations.

Threats and Conservation

Hummingbirds are facing threats from habitat loss, climate change, and pesticides. Conservationists are working to protect hummingbirds and their habitats.

Conclusion

Hummingbirds are amazing creatures that play an important role in the ecosystem. Their beauty, flight abilities, and importance to the environment make them a joy to watch and appreciate.

WORDLIST:

hummingbird — колибри

creatures — создания

fascinating — увлекательный

rapid wingbeats — быстрые взмахи крыльев

ability to hover in mid-air — способность зависать в воздухе

species — виды

bumblebee — шмель

beaks — клювы

suck — сосать

iridescent — переливающийся

shimmer — мерцать

liquid — жидкость

pollinators — опылители

transfer pollen — переносить пыльцу

threats — угрозы

habitat loss — потеря среды обитания

QUESTIONS:

— What is the smallest bird in the world?

— Describe the physical features of hummingbirds.

— How do hummingbirds fly?

— What do hummingbirds eat?

— Why are hummingbirds important to the ecosystem?

— What are some threats facing hummingbirds?

— How do hummingbirds use their beaks and tongues to feed?

Fact 12

Did you know that the world’s largest flower is the Rafflesia arnoldii?

This amazing plant can only be found in the rainforests of Southeast Asia.

Physical Features

The Rafflesia arnoldii is a parasitic plant, which means that it gets its nutrients from other plants. It doesn’t have any leaves or stems, and its flower can grow up to 3 feet (1 meter) wide and weigh up to 24 pounds (11 kilograms)! The flower has five thick, fleshy petals that are covered in wart-like bumps.

Life Cycle

The Rafflesia arnoldii has a very unusual life cycle. It starts as a tiny seed that is dispersed by animals. The seed then germinates and attaches itself to the roots of a host plant, usually a species of vine. The Rafflesia arnoldii then sends out thread-like structures that penetrate the host plant’s tissues and absorb nutrients.

After several months, the Rafflesia arnoldii begins to produce a bud. The bud slowly grows and develops over a period of several weeks. When the bud finally opens, it reveals the massive flower of the Rafflesia arnoldii.

The Rafflesia arnoldii flower only lasts for a few days. After it dies, the plant produces fruit that contains thousands of seeds. The seeds are then dispersed by animals, and the life cycle begins again.

Importance and Threats

The Rafflesia arnoldii is an important part of the rainforest ecosystem. It provides food for animals such as beetles and flies, and it helps to disperse the seeds of its host plant. However, the Rafflesia arnoldii is threatened by habitat loss and over-collection. Conservationists are working to protect this unique and endangered plant.

Conclusion

The Rafflesia arnoldii is a truly amazing plant. Its massive size, unique appearance, and unusual life cycle make it one of the most fascinating plants in the world. We should all do our part to protect this incredible plant and its rainforest home.

WORDLIST:

rainforests — тропические леса

stems — стебли

fleshy — мясистый

petals — лепестки

wart-like bumps — бородавки

tiny seed — крошечное семя

is dispersed — рассеивается

germinates — прорастает

attaches — прикрепляется

roots — корни

host plant — растение-хозяин

species of vine — вид лианы

penetrate — проникают

absorb — впитывают

bud — бутон

reveals — раскрывает

beetles — жуки

over-collection — чрезмерный сбор

endangered plant — исчезающий вид растения

QUESTIONS:

— What is the name of the world’s largest flower?

— Where is the Rafflesia arnoldii found?

— Describe the physical characteristics of the Rafflesia arnoldii flower.

— How does the Rafflesia arnoldii get its nutrients?

— Describe the life cycle of the Rafflesia arnoldii.

— Why is the Rafflesia arnoldii important to the rainforest ecosystem?

— What are some threats facing the Rafflesia arnoldii?

Fact 13

Did you know that the world’s largest snowflake ever recorded was 15 inches wide?

That’s about the size of a dinner plate! This massive snowflake was measured by a rancher named Matt Coleman in Fort Keogh, Montana, on January 28, 1887.

How Snowflakes Form

Snowflakes are formed when water vapor in the air freezes into ice crystals. These ice crystals then join together to form snowflakes. The shape of a snowflake is determined by the temperature and humidity of the air.

The Giant Snowflake

The giant snowflake that fell in Montana was formed under very specific conditions. The air was very cold and humid, which allowed the ice crystals to grow to an unusually large size. The snowflake was also very symmetrical, with six perfectly formed branches.

Other Large Snowflakes

While the 15-inch snowflake is the largest on record, there have been other reports of very large snowflakes. In 1891, a snowflake measuring 12 inches wide was reported in Nebraska. And in 2013, a snowflake measuring 10 inches wide was photographed in Wisconsin.

Conclusion

Snowflakes are beautiful and fascinating natural phenomena. The world’s largest snowflake is a reminder of the power and beauty of nature. It is also a reminder that even the smallest things can be amazing.

WORDLIST:

snowflake — снежинка

vapor — пар

join together — соединяются вместе

is determined by — определяется

humidity — влажность

giant — гигантский

humid — влажный

branches — ветви

fascinating — захватывающий

reminder — напоминание

power — сила

QUESTIONS:

— What is the largest snowflake ever recorded?

— Where and when was the largest snowflake ever recorded?

— How are snowflakes formed?

— What factors determine the shape of a snowflake?

— Describe the conditions under which the giant snowflake in Montana was formed.

— Have there been any other reports of very large snowflakes?

Fact 14

Did you know that the Amazon rainforest produces half of the world’s oxygen?

This common belief is actually a myth. The truth is, the oceans are the real heroes of oxygen production. They produce about 70% of the Earth’s oxygen.

Why the Myth?

The Amazon rainforest is a vast and lush ecosystem, so it’s easy to assume that it must produce a lot of oxygen. However, the rainforest’s dense canopy and high humidity limit sunlight penetration. This means that the rate of photosynthesis, the process by which plants produce oxygen, is lower in the rainforest than in other ecosystems.

The Real Oxygen Producers

The oceans are teeming with microscopic organisms called phytoplankton. These tiny algae use sunlight to photosynthesize, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. Phytoplankton are responsible for about 50% of the world’s oxygen production.

Other Contributors

While the Amazon rainforest does not produce as much oxygen as the oceans, it still plays an important role in the Earth’s oxygen balance. The rainforest absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which helps to regulate oxygen levels.

Conclusion

The Amazon rainforest is a vital part of the Earth’s ecosystem, but it is not the primary source of oxygen. The oceans are the real heroes of oxygen production. It is important to recognize the interconnectedness of all ecosystems and the complex interplay that maintains the delicate balance of the Earth’s life-sustaining systems.

WORDLIST:

common belief — распространённое мнение

oxygen — кислород

vast — обширный

lush ecosystem — пышная экосистема

assume — предполагать

dense canopy — густой полог

humidity — влажность

sunlight penetration — проникновение солнечного света

rate — скорость

are teeming with — кишат

tiny algae — крошечные водоросли

byproduct — побочный продукт

carbon dioxide — углекислый газ

vital — жизненно важный

primary source — основной источник

interconnectedness — взаимосвязанность

life-sustaining systems — системы жизнеобеспечения

QUESTIONS:

— What is the common belief about the Amazon rainforest’s oxygen production?

— Is this belief true?

— What is the primary source of oxygen on Earth?

— What percentage of the world’s oxygen is produced by phytoplankton?

— What percentage of the world’s oxygen is produced by the oceans?

— Why is the rate of photosynthesis lower in the Amazon rainforest compared to other ecosystems?

— How does the Amazon rainforest contribute to the Earth’s oxygen balance?

Fact 15

Did you know that the first novel was written in Japan in the 11th century?

That’s right! The Tale of Genji, written by a woman named Murasaki Shikibu, is considered to be the world’s first novel. It was written in the early 11th century and tells the story of a handsome prince named Genji and his many loves and adventures.

What is a novel?

A novel is a long story that is written in prose. It is typically divided into chapters and can be about any subject.

The Tale of Genji

The Tale of Genji is a complex and sophisticated work of literature. It offers a fascinating glimpse into the world of the Japanese court during the Heian period. The novel is full of beautiful language and vivid descriptions.

The influence of The Tale of Genji

The Tale of Genji has had a profound influence on Japanese literature and culture. It is considered to be one of the greatest works of Japanese literature and has been translated into many languages. The novel has also been adapted into films, television shows, and operas.

Other early novels

The Tale of Genji is not the only early novel. Other early novels include:

— The Golden Ass by Apuleius (2nd century AD)

— Satyricon by Petronius (1st century AD)

— The Romance of Alexander by Pseudo-Callisthenes (3rd century AD)

— The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon (10th century AD)

These early novels all share some common characteristics. They are long, complex works of fiction that tell stories about love, adventure, and the human condition. They are also all written in prose, which was a relatively new form of writing at the time.

The development of the novel is a significant milestone in the history of literature. Novels allow authors to explore complex and nuanced stories in a way that is not possible in other genres. Novels have also played a major role in shaping our understanding of the human experience.

WORDLIST:

is considered — считается

handsome — красивый

adventures — приключения

novel — роман

chapters — главы

subject — тема

complex — сложный

sophisticated — утончённый

glimpse into the world — взгляд в мир

Japanese court — японский двор

vivid descriptions — яркие описания

profound influence — глубокое влияние

the only — единственный

works of fiction — произведения художественной литературы

human condition — человеческое состояние

relatively new — относительно новый

significant milestone — важная веха

nuanced stories — тонкие истории

QUESTIONS:

— What is the main idea of the article? What is the title of the world’s first novel?

— Who wrote the world’s first novel?

— When was the world’s first novel written?

— What are the criteria for a work of fiction to be considered a novel?

— Why is The Tale of Genji considered to be the world’s first novel?

— What are some other early novels that are mentioned in the article?

Fact 16

Did you know that the most popular sport in the world is football?

With over 3.5 billion fans worldwide, football is the most popular sport on the planet. It is played in over 200 countries and territories, and there are an estimated 250 million registered players.

What is football?

Football is a team sport played with a ball between two teams of 11 players. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the other team’s goal. Football is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The game is played for 90 minutes, and the team with the most goals at the end of the game wins.

Why is football so popular?

There are many reasons why football is so popular around the world. Here are a few:

— It is a simple game to learn. The basic rules of football are easy to understand, and anyone can play it, regardless of their age or skill level.

— It is a fun and exciting game to play. Football is a fast-paced and action-packed game that is always exciting to watch.

— It is a social game. Football is a great way to meet new people and make friends. It is also a great way to stay active and healthy.

The history of football

The origins of football can be traced back to ancient China, where a game called cuju was played as early as the 2nd century BC. Cuju was a game played with a ball made of leather and stuffed with feathers or hair. The game was played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end.

Football was introduced to Europe in the Middle Ages, and it quickly became popular in England. The first official football match was played in England in 1863. The game quickly spread to other countries, and by the early 20th century, it was being played all over the world.

The World Cup

The FIFA World Cup is the most prestigious football tournament in the world. It is held every four years, and it brings together the best football teams from around the globe. The first World Cup was held in Uruguay in 1930, and it has been held every four years since then, except for 1942 and 1946, when it was not held due to World War II.

The World Cup is one of the most watched sporting events in the world. The 2018 World Cup in Russia was watched by over 3.5 billion people.

Football today

Football is more popular than ever today. The game is played in over 200 countries and territories, and there are an estimated 250 million registered players. Football is a truly global sport, and it is enjoyed by people of all ages and backgrounds

.

WORDLIST:

worldwide — во всём мире

estimated — предполагаемый

object of the game — цель игры

to score — забивать гол

the other team’s goal — ворота другой команды

rectangular — прямоугольный

basic rules — основные правила

regardless of — независимо от

fast-paced — быстрый

action-packed game — захватывающая игра

origins — происхождение

can be traced back to — можно проследить до

leather — кожа

stuffed with feathers or hair — набитый перьями или волосами

tournament — турнир

due to — из-за

QUESTIONS:

— How many fans does the most popular sport in the world have?

— In how many countries and territories is the most popular sport in the world played?

— What is the object of the game in the most popular sport in the world?

— What are some reasons why the most popular sport in the world is so popular?

— What are the origins of the most popular sport in the world?

— When was the first official match of the most popular sport in the world played?

— What is the name of the most prestigious tournament in the most popular sport in the world?

— How often is the most prestigious tournament in the most popular sport in the world held?

Fact 17

Did you know that the world’s largest museum is the Louvre in Paris?

With over 380,000 square meters of exhibition space and a collection of over 35,000 works of art, the Louvre is the largest and one of the most famous museums in the world. It is home to some of the most iconic works of art in history, including the Mona Lisa, the Venus de Milo, and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

The history of the Louvre

The Louvre’s history dates back to the 12th century, when it was a fortress built by King Philip II of France. Over the centuries, the Louvre was expanded and remodeled, and it eventually became a royal palace. In 1793, during the French Revolution, the Louvre was opened to the public as a museum.

The Louvre’s collection

The Louvre’s collection is divided into eight departments:

— Ancient Near Eastern Art

— Egyptian Antiquities

— Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Antiquities

— Islamic Art

— Sculptures

— Paintings

— Drawings and Prints

— Decorative Arts

The Louvre’s collection is vast and varied, and it includes works of art from all over the world and from all periods of history. Some of the most famous works in the Louvre’s collection include:

— The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci

— The Venus de Milo by Alexandros of Antioch

— The Winged Victory of Samothrace by Nike of Samothrace

— David by Michelangelo

— The Raft of the Medusa by Théodore Géricault

Visiting the Louvre

The Louvre is a popular tourist destination, and it attracts millions of visitors each year. The museum is open every day except for Tuesdays. Tickets can be purchased online or at the museum’s ticket office.

If you are planning to visit the Louvre, be sure to give yourself plenty of time to explore the museum’s vast collection. You can easily spend a whole day or more wandering through the Louvre’s galleries and admiring the museum’s many treasures.

Here are some tips for visiting the Louvre:

— Purchase your tickets online in advance. This will save you time waiting in line at the museum’s ticket office.

— Arrive early. The Louvre is a popular tourist destination, so it is best to arrive early to avoid the crowds.

— Wear comfortable shoes. You will be doing a lot of walking, so be sure to wear comfortable shoes.

— Take your time. The Louvre is a vast museum, so don’t try to see everything in one day. Take your time and enjoy the museum’s many treasures.

— Don’t be afraid to ask for help. The Louvre’s staff is very helpful, so don’t be afraid to ask for help if you need it.

WORDLIST:

exhibition space — выставочное пространство

works of art — произведения искусства

dates back to — восходит к

fortress — крепость

was expanded and remodeled — был расширен и перестроен

royal palace — королевский дворец

Ancient Near Eastern Art — искусство Древнего Ближнего Востока

antiquities — древности

vast and varied — обширный и разнообразный

can be purchased — можно приобрести

ticket office — касса

plenty of — много

wandering — прогулка

treasures — сокровища

tips — советы

in advance — заранее

waiting in line — ожидание в очереди

to avoid the crowds — чтобы избежать толпы

take your time — не спешите

staff — персонал

QUESTIONS:

— What is the name of the world’s largest museum?

— Where is the world’s largest museum located?

— How much exhibition space does the world’s largest museum have?

— How many works of art are in the collection of the world’s largest museum?

— When was the world’s largest museum founded?

— What was the original purpose of the building that now houses the world’s largest museum?

— How many departments is the collection of the world’s largest museum divided into?

— Name three of the most famous works of art in the collection of the world’s largest museum.

— What are some tips for visiting the world’s largest museum?

Fact 18

Did you know that the first known form of writing was developed in Mesopotamia over 5,000 years ago?

Writing is one of the most important inventions in human history. It allows us to communicate complex ideas, record events, and pass on knowledge from one generation to the next.

The first writing system

The earliest known writing system is called cuneiform. Cuneiform was developed by the Sumerians, a people who lived in Mesopotamia from around 3500 BC. Cuneiform was a system of writing in which wedge-shaped marks were pressed into clay tablets.

The Sumerians used cuneiform to write a variety of texts, including religious texts, historical texts, and economic texts. The earliest cuneiform texts date back to around 3200 BC.

The spread of writing

Cuneiform was adopted by other cultures in the Middle East, including the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians. Cuneiform was also used in ancient Egypt, where it was known as hieroglyphics.

Writing eventually spread to other parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and Africa. Today, there are hundreds of different writing systems in use around the world.

The importance of writing

Writing has had a profound impact on human history. It has allowed us to record our history, develop new technologies, and communicate with people from all over the world. Writing is essential for education, science, and culture.

Without writing, we would be a much different species. We would not have been able to develop the complex societies that we have today. We would not have been able to achieve the great things that we have achieved in science, technology, and culture.

The future of writing

The future of writing is uncertain. Some people believe that writing will eventually be replaced by new technologies, such as speech recognition and artificial intelligence. However, others believe that writing will continue to be an important part of human communication for many years to come.

Only time will tell what the future of writing holds. However, one thing is for sure: writing has played a vital role in human history, and it will continue to play an important role in our future.

WORDLIST:

inventions — изобретения

communicate complex ideas — передавать сложные идеи

pass on knowledge — передавать знания

generation — поколение

cuneiform — клинопись

wedge-shaped marks — клиновидные знаки

clay tablets — глиняные таблички

eventually — в конце концов

profound impact — глубокое влияние

uncertain — неопределенный

speech recognition — распознавание речи

artificial intelligence — искусственный интеллект

for sure — наверняка

vital role — важная роль

QUESTIONS:

— When and where was the first known form of writing developed?

— What was the name of the first known writing system?

— What kind of marks were used in the first known writing system?

— What kind of material was used to write on in the first known writing system?

— What were some of the types of texts that were written in the first known writing system?

— What is cuneiform?