Бесплатный фрагмент - Английские предлоги и фразовые конструкции

Предисловие

Изучение английского языка немыслимо без глубокого понимания предлогов, устойчивых выражений и фразовых конструкций. Они являются основой естественной речи, помогают точно передавать время, место, направление, отношения между объектами, а также эмоциональные и социальные оттенки высказывания. Несмотря на кажущуюся простоту, предлоги часто вызывают трудности у изучающих язык, так как их использование зависит от контекста, сочетаний с другими словами и устоявшихся языковых норм.

Эта книга создана с целью систематически и последовательно познакомить читателя с наиболее употребительными предлогами, фразами и коллокациями, которые встречаются в повседневной жизни, учебной и рабочей среде, путешествиях, а также в общении и выражении эмоций. Каждая глава включает ключевые слова и выражения с объяснением значения, примерами употребления, текст для практики чтения и разнообразные упражнения, направленные на закрепление материала.

Особое внимание уделено естественным, современным сочетаниям слов и фразовых конструкций, что позволяет не только расширить словарный запас, но и развить способность строить речь так, как это делают носители языка. Регулярная работа с этой книгой поможет читателю использовать предлоги уверенно, точно и естественно, облегчая понимание английского в различных ситуациях и контекстах.

Цель данной работы – сделать процесс изучения предлогов осознанным, последовательным и увлекательным, чтобы каждый читатель мог уверенно применять полученные знания в реальной коммуникации.

At, On, In — Basic Prepositions of Place and Time

Word Power

At

Значение: указывает точное место или время.

Примеры:

I will meet you at the station. — Я встречу тебя на станции.

The meeting starts at 3 p.m. — Встреча начинается в 3 часа дня.

On

Значение: используется для поверхностей или конкретных дней.

Примеры:

The book is on the table. — Книга на столе.

We have a test on Monday. — У нас тест в понедельник.

In

Значение: внутри чего-то, более широкий период времени.

Примеры:

There are many books in the library. — В библиотеке много книг.

I was born in 1995. — Я родился в 1995 году.

Reading Text

John moved to a new city last month, and he is still learning how to navigate it. Every morning, he waits at the bus stop near his apartment. He likes to sit in the small café across the street at 7 a.m., enjoying a cup of coffee while reading the newspaper. On Mondays, he has meetings on the top floor of his office building, but on Fridays, he prefers working in the garden behind the house.

John also discovered that timing is important. The bus always arrives at exactly 7:15, and he never wants to be late. On special occasions, such as holidays, buses might run late, so he checks the schedule carefully. He often goes in the evening to visit friends or on weekends to explore the city’s museums.

Using at, on, and in correctly helps John describe his life clearly. He tells people, “I am at the library on Wednesday mornings,” or “I spend time in the park in summer.” By practicing these prepositions, John feels more confident and connected to his new environment. He notices that small details, like saying “at the station” instead of “in the station,” make his English sound natural.

Check Your Understanding

Where does John wait every morning?

On which day does John have meetings on the top floor?

Why does John check the bus schedule on holidays?

How does using at, on, in correctly make John feel?

When you move to a new city, how would you use at, on, in to describe your daily routine?

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

I was born ___ 2000.

a) at

b) on

c) in

d) by

The book is ___ the shelf.

a) at

b) on

c) in

d) to

We meet ___ the station.

a) in

b) at

c) on

d) by

I like walking ___ the park in the morning.

a) on

b) at

c) in

d) to

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with at, on, or in:

She usually studies ___ the library in the afternoon.

We will meet ___ the café ___ Monday morning.

There are many flowers ___ the garden.

I was born ___ 1998.

He waits ___ the bus stop every morning.

The painting is ___ the wall.

John likes to go jogging ___ the park ___ summer.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-c, 2-b, 3-b, 4-c

Exercise 2:

1-in

2-at, on

3-in

4-in

5-at

6-on

7-in, in

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

John waits at the bus stop near his apartment.

John has meetings on the top floor on Mondays.

He checks the bus schedule because buses might run late on holidays.

Using prepositions correctly makes John feel more confident and connected.

Пример личного ответа: «I usually have breakfast in the kitchen, go to school at 8 a.m., and meet friends on Saturdays.»

By, With, About — Ways, Means, and Topics

Word Power

By

Значение: способ действия, средство.

Примеры:

She travels to work by bus. — Она ездит на работу на автобусе.

The report was written by John. — Отчет был написан Джоном.

With

Значение: инструмент, средство; также указывает совместное действие.

Примеры:

He cut the paper with scissors. — Он разрезал бумагу ножницами.

I went to the cinema with my friend. — Я ходил в кино с другом.

About

Значение: тема или предмет разговора/дум.

Примеры:

We talked about our plans for the weekend. — Мы говорили о наших планах на выходные.

She is worried about the exam. — Она беспокоится из-за экзамена.

Reading Text

Anna is preparing a presentation for her class. She writes it carefully with a laptop and makes notes by hand to remember key points. She is excited because the topic is interesting — it’s about climate change and its effects on daily life. She often reads articles about environmental problems to include the latest facts in her presentation.

On the day of the presentation, Anna travels by bus to school. She carries her notes with her in a folder and checks everything one last time. During the presentation, she explains how small actions can help protect the environment. She talks about recycling, saving energy, and reducing waste. Her classmates ask questions, and she answers confidently with clear examples.

Anna realizes that preparation is important. Using tools and resources by herself and asking for help with teachers or friends allows her to create a complete presentation. She feels proud about her work and notices that talking about real issues makes the lesson more engaging. From now on, she plans to work with her classmates more often and learn new things about the world.

Check Your Understanding

What tools does Anna use to prepare her presentation?

What is the topic of Anna’s presentation?

Why does Anna read articles about environmental problems?

How does using tools and help from others affect Anna’s preparation?

How would you prepare a presentation by, with, or about a topic of your choice?

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

She travels ___ bus every day.

a) with

b) by

c) about

d) on

I went to the park ___ my friend.

a) by

b) with

c) about

d) at

We talked ___ the new movie yesterday.

a) by

b) with

c) about

d) in

The essay was written ___ Maria.

a) by

b) with

c) about

d) on

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with by, with, or about:

He fixed the chair ___ glue and nails.

We discussed the project ___ email.

The teacher told a story ___ animals in the forest.

She traveled to Paris ___ plane last summer.

I went shopping ___ my sister.

The article is ___ health and fitness.

He solved the problem ___ himself.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-b, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a

Exercise 2:

1-with

2-by

3-about

4-by

5-with

6-about

7-by

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Anna uses a laptop with notes written by hand.

The topic is about climate change and its effects.

She reads articles about environmental problems to include accurate facts.

Using tools and help from others allows Anna to prepare a complete and confident presentation.

Пример личного ответа: «I would prepare a report by researching online, with my notebook, and it would be about space exploration.»

For, To, From — Direction and Recipients

Word Power

For

Значение: предназначение или цель, польза для кого-то/чего-то.

Примеры:

I bought a gift for my mother. — Я купил подарок для мамы.

This book is very useful for students. — Эта книга очень полезна для студентов.

To

Значение: направление движения или передача чего-либо.

Примеры:

I sent a letter to my friend. — Я отправил письмо другу.

We are going to the park. — Мы идём в парк.

From

Значение: источник, отправная точка движения, происхождение.

Примеры:

This email is from my teacher. — Это письмо от моего учителя.

She walked home from school. — Она шла домой из школы.

Reading Text

Tom is preparing for his friend’s birthday. He bought a small gift for Sarah and wrapped it carefully. He also wrote a card to her, expressing his wishes. Tom always likes giving presents, so he feels happy for Sarah’s happiness.

On the day of the party, he travels to her house from his apartment. He takes the bus and carries the gift in a bag. When he arrives, he gives the gift to Sarah and sees her smile. Later, he receives a thank-you message from her, which makes him feel proud.

Tom also enjoys helping his friends. He often shares advice for solving problems and writes emails to classmates with useful information. He appreciates messages from them as well, because they show care and friendship. By paying attention to who gives and receives something, Tom feels more connected with the people around him. He notices that simple acts, like sending a note to someone or receiving a gift from them, create strong bonds and improve communication.

Check Your Understanding

What gift does Tom prepare and for whom?

Where does Tom go on the day of the party?

Why does Tom feel proud after the party?

How does giving and receiving messages affect Tom’s relationships?

Give an example from your life where you sent or received something for, to, or from someone.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

I sent a postcard ___ my grandmother.

a) for

b) to

c) from

d) on

She took a book ___ the library.

a) for

b) to

c) from

d) with

This present is ___ you.

a) from

b) to

c) for

d) on

He came home ___ school at 4 p.m.

a) to

b) from

c) for

d) with

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with for, to, or from:

I bought a cake ___ my friend’s birthday.

She sent a message ___ her teacher.

The letter came ___ my uncle yesterday.

We are going ___ the museum this afternoon.

This gift is ___ you.

He walked home ___ the office.

I wrote a note ___ my neighbor ___ thanking her for help.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-b, 2-c, 3-c, 4-b

Exercise 2:

1-for

2-to

3-from

4-to

5-for

6-from

7-to, for

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Tom bought a small gift for Sarah.

Tom goes to Sarah’s house from his apartment.

He feels proud because he received a thank-you message from Sarah.

Giving and receiving messages helps Tom feel more connected with friends and improves relationships.

Пример личного ответа: «I sent a card to my friend for her birthday and received a letter from her.»

Over, Under, Between — Spatial Relationships

Word Power

Over

Значение: над чем-то, выше; также «покрывать» или «через» в некоторых контекстах.

Примеры:

The plane flew over the mountains. — Самолет пролетел над горами.

She put a blanket over the baby. — Она накрыла ребенка одеялом.

Under

Значение: под чем-то, ниже.

Примеры:

The cat is hiding under the table. — Кот прячется под столом.

He stood under the tree to avoid the rain. — Он стоял под деревом, чтобы укрыться от дождя.

Between

Значение: между двумя или более объектами.

Примеры:

The café is between the bank and the supermarket. — Кафе находится между банком и супермаркетом.

She sat between her friends during the concert. — Она сидела между друзьями на концерте.

Reading Text

Emily enjoys exploring her neighborhood. One morning, she notices a beautiful mural painted over the wall of a small café. She stops for a moment to admire it and takes a photo. Nearby, a little dog is playing under a tree, chasing leaves that fall from the branches. Emily smiles at the scene because it feels peaceful.

Later, she walks to the park, where a bench is located between two tall oak trees. She sits there to read a book and observes children playing. Some fly kites over the playground, and the wind moves the leaves under their feet. People pass between the benches and the flowerbeds, enjoying the sunny morning.

Emily thinks about how small details make the world interesting. The mural over the café, the dog under the tree, and the bench between the trees all create a sense of balance in her day. She decides to sketch the scene later, capturing the objects over, under, and between each other. These spatial relationships help her see the environment more clearly and appreciate simple everyday moments.

Check Your Understanding

What does Emily notice over the café wall?

Where is the little dog playing?

What is located between the two oak trees?

How do the objects over, under, and between influence Emily’s view of her neighborhood?

Describe a place you know where something is over, under, or between other objects.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

The lamp hangs ___ the table.

a) over

b) under

c) between

d) on

The cat is hiding ___ the sofa.

a) over

b) under

c) between

d) in

The shop is ___ the bank and the post office.

a) over

b) under

c) between

d) on

Birds fly ___ the trees in the morning.

a) over

b) under

c) between

d) on

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with over, under, or between:

The bridge goes ___ the river.

There is a small box ___ the bed.

The school is located ___ the park and the library.

A bird flew ___ the rooftops.

The children hid ___ the tables during the game.

The bench is placed ___ two tall trees in the park.

She put a scarf ___ her shoulders.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a

Exercise 2:

1-over

2-under

3-between

4-over

5-under

6-between

7-over

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Emily notices a beautiful mural over the café wall.

The little dog is playing under a tree.

A bench is located between two oak trees.

The objects over, under, and between create a sense of balance and make Emily appreciate the environment.

Пример личного ответа: «In my backyard, a swing hangs over the ground, the dog sleeps under the tree, and a small path goes between the flowerbeds.»

Above, Below, Near, Next to — Detailed Prepositions of Place

Word Power

Above

Значение: выше, над чем-то, без прямого контакта.

Примеры:

The picture hangs above the fireplace. — Картина висит над камином.

The sky is clear, and the sun is shining above the clouds. — Небо ясное, и солнце светит над облаками.

Below

Значение: ниже чего-то, под чем-то.

Примеры:

The basement is located below the ground floor. — Подвал находится ниже первого этажа.

The temperature dropped below zero last night. — Температура опустилась ниже нуля прошлой ночью.

Near

Значение: рядом, вблизи чего-то.

Примеры:

There is a small café near the station. — Рядом со станцией есть маленькое кафе.

I live near the river. — Я живу рядом с рекой.

Next to

Значение: непосредственно рядом, сбоку от чего-то.

Примеры:

The bank is next to the supermarket. — Банк находится рядом с супермаркетом.

She sat next to her best friend during the movie. — Она сидела рядом с своей лучшей подругой во время фильма.

Reading Text

Liam enjoys walking in his neighborhood park. One morning, he notices a large clock tower above the main entrance. The café where he usually drinks coffee is located near the playground. He sits on a bench next to a flowerbed, enjoying the morning sun.

He also looks around and observes the trees. Some branches hang above the paths, and the shadows stretch below them. Children play happily, running near the fountain, while a small dog sleeps next to a bench. Liam feels calm and notices how the arrangement of objects affects his mood.

Later, he walks along the path and finds a bridge above the river. From there, he sees ducks swimming below him. The café is still near the park entrance, and people are chatting next to the benches. Liam thinks about how small details, like objects above, below, near, and next to each other, make his environment more interesting. He decides to take photos to remember the view and to capture the spatial relationships he observed.

Check Your Understanding

What does Liam notice above the park entrance?

Where is the café in relation to the playground?

Where does Liam sit in the park?

How do the positions of objects affect Liam’s experience of the park?

Describe a place you know where objects are above, below, near, or next to each other.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

The lamp hangs ___ the table.

a) above

b) below

c) near

d) next to

The cat sleeps ___ the chair.

a) above

b) below

c) near

d) next to

The school is located ___ the library.

a) near

b) above

c) below

d) next to

The park bench is ___ the flowerbed.

a) near

b) next to

c) above

d) below

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with above, below, near, or next to:

The painting hangs ___ the fireplace.

The basement is located ___ the ground floor.

I live ___ the train station.

She sat ___ her brother during the concert.

The bridge is ___ the river.

A café is located ___ the school entrance.

The shadows stretch ___ the tree branches.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-a, 2-b, 3-a, 4-b

Exercise 2:

1-above

2-below

3-near

4-next to

5-above

6-near

7-below

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Liam notices a large clock tower above the park entrance.

The café is near the playground.

He sits on a bench next to a flowerbed.

The positions of objects, like benches, trees, and paths, create a peaceful and interesting atmosphere for Liam.

Пример личного ответа: «In my backyard, the tree is above the swing, the garden is below the balcony, and the shed is next to the garage.»

Into, Onto, Out of — Movement In and Out

Word Power

Into

Значение: движение внутрь чего-то.

Примеры:

She walked into the room quietly. — Она тихо вошла в комнату.

The cat jumped into the box. — Кот прыгнул в коробку.

Onto

Значение: движение на поверхность чего-то.

Примеры:

He climbed onto the roof to fix the antenna. — Он забрался на крышу, чтобы починить антенну.

Place the vase carefully onto the table. — Аккуратно поставьте вазу на стол.

Out of

Значение: движение изнутри наружу, происхождение движения.

Примеры:

She ran out of the house to catch the bus. — Она выбежала из дома, чтобы успеть на автобус.

The dog jumped out of the garden. — Собака выбежала из сада.

Reading Text

Mark loves exploring his house and garden. One morning, he decides to play a game of hide-and-seek. He runs into his bedroom and hides behind the curtains. Later, he jumps onto the bed to get a better view of the room. His little sister watches him, laughing.

After a while, Mark rushes out of the bedroom and into the kitchen, where their mother is preparing breakfast. He climbs onto a chair to reach a cookie jar and grabs one. Then, he carefully climbs down and runs out of the kitchen into the garden. In the garden, he sees a cat jumping into a treehouse, and a bird flying onto the roof of the shed.

Mark notices how movement into, onto, and out of places makes his day exciting. He tells his sister, “Watch me jump onto the swing!” and runs into the yard again. The simple actions of moving into, onto, and out of spaces make games and daily routines more fun. He enjoys exploring and discovering new things in familiar places.

Check Your Understanding

Where does Mark hide at the beginning?

What does Mark do to reach the cookie jar?

Where does Mark go after leaving the kitchen?

How do actions using into, onto, and out of make Mark’s day interesting?

Describe a moment when you moved into, onto, or out of a place in an exciting or funny way.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

She ran ___ the room.

a) onto

b) into

c) out of

d) above

Place the book carefully ___ the table.

a) into

b) onto

c) out of

d) next to

The cat jumped ___ the garden.

a) into

b) onto

c) out of

d) under

He climbed ___ the roof to fix the antenna.

a) into

b) onto

c) out of

d) below

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with into, onto, or out of:

She walked ___ the classroom quietly.

The dog jumped ___ the fence.

Place the vase ___ the shelf carefully.

He ran ___ the garden to catch his ball.

The child climbed ___ the table to reach the cookies.

A bird flew ___ the tree and landed ___ the roof.

The cat slipped ___ the box quickly.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-b, 2-b, 3-c, 4-b

Exercise 2:

1-into

2-out of

3-onto

4-out of

5-onto

6-out of, onto

7-out of

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Mark hides into his bedroom behind the curtains.

He climbs onto a chair to reach the cookie jar.

He runs out of the kitchen into the garden.

Actions with into, onto, and out of make Mark’s day fun and adventurous by adding movement and surprises.

Пример личного ответа: «I climbed onto a bench to see the parade, then ran into the park and jumped out of a tunnel with my friends.»

Across, Along, Through — Movement Across and Through

Word Power

Across

Значение: движение с одной стороны на другую.

Примеры:

She walked across the street carefully. — Она осторожно перешла через улицу.

The bridge goes across the river. — Мост проходит через реку.

Along

Значение: движение вдоль линии или поверхности.

Примеры:

They walked along the beach in the evening. — Они гуляли вдоль пляжа вечером.

The trees grow along the road. — Деревья растут вдоль дороги.

Through

Значение: движение сквозь, через пространство.

Примеры:

The train passed through the tunnel. — Поезд прошёл через туннель.

He looked through the window to see the garden. — Он посмотрел через окно, чтобы увидеть сад.

Reading Text

Sophie loves exploring her town on foot. One sunny morning, she decides to go to the park. She walks across the busy street carefully, holding her bag tightly. The river sparkles as she crosses the bridge across the water.

Once she reaches the park, she strolls along the main path, observing the flowers and benches. Children are playing near the fountain, and dogs run happily along the grassy areas. Sophie enjoys the peaceful atmosphere and feels relaxed as she moves slowly along the tree-lined path.

Later, she finds a short tunnel under a small hill and walks through it to reach the playground on the other side. She notices the sunlight streaming through the trees, creating beautiful patterns on the ground. Birds fly through the branches, and the sound of leaves rustling makes the environment lively.

Sophie realizes that moving across, along, and through spaces makes everyday walks interesting. She enjoys how her route changes depending on whether she goes across a street, along a path, or through a tunnel. Observing the surroundings while moving in different ways helps her feel connected to her town and notice little details she might otherwise miss.

Check Your Understanding

What does Sophie do across the busy street?

Where does Sophie walk along in the park?

How does Sophie use a tunnel during her walk?

How do movements across, along, and through make Sophie’s walk more enjoyable?

Describe a place you know where you can move across, along, or through something.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

She walked ___ the bridge over the river.

a) along

b) across

c) through

d) next to

They strolled ___ the path in the park.

a) across

b) along

c) through

d) over

The train passed ___ the tunnel.

a) along

b) across

c) through

d) next to

Birds flew ___ the branches of the trees.

a) along

b) across

c) through

d) under

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with across, along, or through:

She ran ___ the street to catch the bus.

They walked ___ the beach enjoying the sunset.

The car drove ___ the tunnel safely.

He walked ___ the corridor to reach the classroom.

Ducks swam ___ the pond.

Children ran happily ___ the playground.

Sunlight came ___ the windows into the room.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-b, 2-b, 3-c, 4-c

Exercise 2:

1-across

2-along

3-through

4-along

5-across

6-along

7-through

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Sophie walks carefully across the busy street.

She walks along the main path in the park.

She walks through a tunnel to reach the playground.

Movements across, along, and through make the walk more interesting and help Sophie notice her surroundings.

Пример личного ответа: «In my neighborhood, I walk along the river, run across the park, and go through a small tunnel under the road.»

Past, Around, Toward (s) — Trajectories and Directions

Word Power

Past

Значение: мимо, мимо чего-то во время движения.

Примеры:

She walked past the shop on her way home. — Она прошла мимо магазина по пути домой.

The car drove quickly past the school. — Машина проехала быстро мимо школы.

Around

Значение: вокруг, по кругу, обходя.

Примеры:

They ran around the park for exercise. — Они бегали вокруг парка для тренировки.

The children walked around the playground. — Дети ходили вокруг площадки.

Toward(s)

Значение: движение к чему-то, направление.

Примеры:

She walked toward the library. — Она шла к библиотеке.

He moved slowly towards the door. — Он медленно двигался к двери.

Reading Text

Emma enjoys jogging every morning. Today, she decides to take a new route. She starts by running past the bakery, smelling fresh bread as she moves. She waves at the shopkeeper and continues her run.

Next, she jogs around the small park near her house. The path winds around flowerbeds, benches, and a playground where children are playing. Emma likes running in circles around the park because it gives her energy and helps her focus.

Finally, she heads toward the river, enjoying the view of the water and ducks swimming nearby. She notices other joggers moving toward the bridge and smiles. The route allows her to move smoothly past, around, and toward interesting sights in her neighborhood.

Emma reflects on how changing her direction and moving along different trajectories makes her jogging more fun. Running past shops, around the park, and toward the river helps her notice small details and appreciate her surroundings. She decides to follow this route more often and maybe explore new paths toward other areas of the town.

Check Your Understanding

What does Emma run past at the beginning of her route?

Where does Emma jog around?

Toward what place does Emma head after the park?

How do moving past, around, and toward make Emma’s jog more enjoyable?

Describe a route you know where you move past, around, or toward different landmarks.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

She ran ___ the bakery quickly.

a) around

b) past

c) toward

d) into

They walked ___ the park for exercise.

a) past

b) toward

c) around

d) into

He moved slowly ___ the door.

a) past

b) toward

c) around

d) under

The car drove ___ the school on its way home.

a) past

b) around

c) toward

d) onto

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with past, around, or toward(s):

She walked ___ the park and enjoyed the flowers.

The dog ran ___ the playground chasing a ball.

He walked slowly ___ the station to catch his train.

The bike rode ___ the tree carefully.

People passed ___ the museum on their way to work.

Emma ran ___ the fountain before heading home.

The children moved ___ the teacher during the game.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-b, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a

Exercise 2:

1-around

2-around

3-toward

4-around

5-past

6-around

7-toward

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Emma runs past the bakery at the beginning.

She jogs around the small park near her house.

Emma heads toward the river after the park.

Moving past, around, and toward makes her jogging more fun, engaging, and helps her notice surroundings.

Пример личного ответа: «I walk past the café, around the fountain, and toward the library every morning.»

Up, Down, Off — Vertical Movement

Word Power

Up

Значение: движение вверх, повышение позиции.

Примеры:

She climbed up the ladder carefully. — Она осторожно поднялась по лестнице.

The balloon went up into the sky. — Шар поднялся в небо.

Down

Значение: движение вниз, снижение позиции.

Примеры:

He ran down the stairs quickly. — Он быстро спустился по лестнице.

The apple fell down from the tree. — Яблоко упало с дерева.

Off

Значение: движение с поверхности, отделение от чего-то.

Примеры:

She jumped off the wall into the water. — Она спрыгнула со стены в воду.

He took the book off the shelf. — Он снял книгу с полки.

Reading Text

Oliver loves climbing and exploring. One morning, he decides to practice vertical movement in his backyard. He climbs up the tree carefully, enjoying the view from above. From the top, he sees the roof of the house and the garden below.

After observing the surroundings, he climbs down slowly, making sure his feet are steady. A cat watches him from the ground as he reaches the grass. Oliver then jumps off a small wall into the soft sand, feeling the thrill of moving off a surface safely.

Later, he practices taking objects off shelves and placing them up on higher surfaces. He also moves boxes down from the attic carefully, using a ladder. He enjoys how moving up, down, and off changes his perspective and makes ordinary tasks exciting.

Oliver realizes that vertical movement is everywhere: climbing up a tree, walking down stairs, jumping off a wall, or lifting objects up and down. Each action requires balance and attention, but also gives a sense of accomplishment and fun. By practicing these movements, Oliver feels more confident and aware of his surroundings.

Check Your Understanding

Where does Oliver climb up first?

How does he get down safely from the tree?

Give an example of when Oliver moves off something.

How do vertical movements (up, down, off) make Oliver’s activities more interesting?

Describe a moment when you moved up, down, or off something.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

She climbed ___ the ladder to reach the roof.

a) down

b) up

c) off

d) onto

He ran ___ the stairs quickly to answer the phone.

a) up

b) down

c) off

d) along

The cat jumped ___ the wall.

a) up

b) down

c) off

d) onto

He took the book ___ the shelf carefully.

a) up

b) down

c) off

d) along

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with up, down, or off:

She climbed ___ the hill to see the view.

He ran ___ the stairs to catch the ball.

The box fell ___ the table by accident.

Place the vase ___ the shelf carefully.

The balloon floated ___ into the sky.

He carried the suitcase ___ from the attic.

She jumped ___ the wall into the garden.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-b, 2-b, 3-c, 4-c

Exercise 2:

1-up

2-down

3-off

4-off

5-up

6-down

7-off

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Oliver climbs up the tree first.

He climbs down slowly, making sure his feet are steady.

He jumps off a small wall into the sand.

Vertical movements make his activities exciting, give different perspectives, and add fun to everyday tasks.

Пример личного ответа: «I climbed up the ladder to fix a light, ran down the stairs quickly, and jumped off the curb to avoid a puddle.»

Alongside, Beneath, Beyond — Refined Spatial Prepositions

Word Power

Alongside

Значение: рядом с чем-то, бок о бок.

Примеры:

The boat sailed alongside the dock. — Лодка плыла рядом с причалом.

She walked alongside her friend on the path. — Она шла бок о бок с подругой по тропинке.

Beneath

Значение: под чем-то, ниже, формальный вариант under.

Примеры:

The treasure was hidden beneath the old tree. — Сокровище было спрятано под старым деревом.

He found his shoes beneath the bed. — Он нашёл свои туфли под кроватью.

Beyond

Значение: за пределами, дальше чего-то; часто указывает на горизонт или границу.

Примеры:

The mountains are visible beyond the river. — Горы видны за рекой.

Her skills are beyond my understanding. — Её навыки выходят за пределы моего понимания.

Reading Text

Lucas enjoys exploring the countryside near his town. One morning, he takes a small boat to travel alongside the riverbank. The water glistens, and ducks swim quietly alongside the boat. He notices a large oak tree with roots stretching beneath the waterline, creating a natural shelter for fish.

Walking further, Lucas observes hills and fields beyond the river. The scenery stretches endlessly, and he feels calm and inspired. A small bridge is hidden beneath the trees, and a narrow path runs alongside a meadow full of wildflowers. Lucas takes his time to notice every detail, appreciating the arrangement of objects alongside, beneath, and beyond each other.

Later, he sits on a rock beneath a large tree, looking beyond the hills into the distance. Birds fly alongside the path as he sketches the landscape. Lucas reflects on how paying attention to refined spatial relationships — what is alongside, beneath, or beyond — helps him understand and enjoy the environment better. Small details, like a branch beneath his feet or a hill beyond the river, make his journey more vivid.

Check Your Understanding

Where does Lucas travel alongside at the beginning?

What is hidden beneath the waterline?

What does Lucas see beyond the river?

How do alongside, beneath, and beyond help Lucas enjoy his surroundings?

Describe a place you know where objects are alongside, beneath, or beyond each other.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

The boat sailed ___ the dock.

a) beneath

b) alongside

c) beyond

d) under

The treasure was hidden ___ the tree.

a) alongside

b) beneath

c) beyond

d) onto

Mountains are visible ___ the river.

a) beneath

b) alongside

c) beyond

d) onto

She walked ___ her friend in the park.

a) alongside

b) beneath

c) beyond

d) onto

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with alongside, beneath, or beyond:

The path runs ___ the river for several miles.

He found a cave ___ the rocks.

The hills stretch ___ the village.

Ducks swim ___ the boat quietly.

She hid her notes ___ the desk.

A bridge is hidden ___ the trees.

The sun sets ___ the mountains in the distance.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-b, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a

Exercise 2:

1-alongside

2-beneath

3-beyond

4-alongside

5-beneath

6-beneath

7-beyond

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Lucas travels alongside the riverbank at the beginning.

Roots of a large oak tree are hidden beneath the waterline.

Lucas sees hills and fields beyond the river.

Paying attention to alongside, beneath, and beyond helps Lucas notice details and enjoy the landscape more vividly.

Пример личного ответа: «In the park, a bench is alongside the path, a pond is beneath the bridge, and mountains are visible beyond the trees.»

At, On, In — Time Expressions

Word Power

At

Значение: точное время, момент.

Примеры:

The meeting starts at 9 a.m. — Встреча начинается в 9 утра.

She always has coffee at breakfast. — Она всегда пьёт кофе на завтраке.

On

Значение: дни недели, даты.

Примеры:

I have a dentist appointment on Monday. — У меня приём у стоматолога в понедельник.

Her birthday is on July 15th. — Её день рождения 15 июля.

In

Значение: месяцы, годы, сезоны, более длинные периоды.

Примеры:

He was born in 2005. — Он родился в 2005 году.

We usually go skiing in winter. — Мы обычно катаемся на лыжах зимой.

Reading Text

Anna likes planning her schedule carefully. She always knows what she needs to do at certain times of the day. For example, she drinks tea at 7 a.m. every morning and takes a short walk at lunch.

On Mondays, she goes to yoga class on Monday evening. She also has a friend’s birthday celebration on March 12th, and she writes reminders for important events on her calendar. Anna likes using specific dates because it helps her organize her week clearly.

She also plans trips in advance. She knows she will visit her grandparents in July and take a vacation in the summer. Last year, she traveled abroad in 2025, and she keeps thinking about how wonderful that trip was. Using at, on, and in correctly helps Anna manage her time effectively. She notices that small mistakes, like saying in Monday instead of on Monday, can cause confusion. By paying attention to prepositions of time, she feels confident and organized every day.

Check Your Understanding

When does Anna drink tea every morning?

On what date is her friend’s birthday celebration?

When does Anna usually take vacations?

How do prepositions at, on, in help Anna organize her schedule?

Describe an event in your life using at, on, or in correctly.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

The train leaves ___ 6 p.m.

a) at

b) on

c) in

d) by

My birthday is ___ October 3rd.

a) at

b) on

c) in

d) by

We usually go skiing ___ winter.

a) at

b) on

c) in

d) by

The meeting is ___ Monday morning.

a) at

b) on

c) in

d) by

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with at, on, or in:

The class starts ___ 10 a.m.

My holiday begins ___ August.

Her birthday is ___ Friday.

He was born ___ 1998.

We usually eat lunch ___ noon.

The festival is held ___ December every year.

I will meet my friend ___ Monday evening.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-b

Exercise 2:

1-at

2-in

3-on

4-in

5-at

6-in

7-on

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Anna drinks tea at 7 a.m. every morning.

Her friend’s birthday celebration is on March 12th.

She usually takes vacations in July or in the summer.

Using at, on, and in helps Anna plan events at the correct times and dates, avoiding confusion.

Пример личного ответа: «I usually have breakfast at 8 a.m., my birthday is on June 20th, and I go skiing in winter.»

Since, For — Duration of Time

Word Power

Since

Значение: с определённого момента в прошлом до настоящего.

Примеры:

She has lived in London since 2010. — Она живёт в Лондоне с 2010 года.

I have known him since we were children. — Я знаю его с детства.

For

Значение: в течение определённого периода времени.

Примеры:

He has been studying English for five years. — Он изучает английский в течение пяти лет.

They stayed at the hotel for three nights. — Они останавливались в отеле три ночи.

Reading Text

Mia has a busy life, but she keeps track of how long she has been doing certain activities. She has studied piano since she was six years old, practicing every day. Her teacher says she has improved a lot since the first lesson.

She also keeps a diary about her hobbies. She has played tennis for three years and swims regularly for two hours every weekend. Mia notices that using since and for helps her understand how long she has been committed to her activities.

Last year, she moved to a new city. She has lived there since March and enjoys the parks and cafés nearby. She remembers her first day clearly and thinks about how much has changed since then. Mia also volunteers at a local library, helping children read books for an hour every Tuesday.

Using since and for correctly allows Mia to explain her experiences clearly and track progress. She feels proud when she can say how long she has been doing something and sees how time passes. These small details make her daily life more organized and meaningful.

Check Your Understanding

How long has she played tennis?

When did she move to the new city?

How do since and for help Mia understand her activities?

Describe an activity you have been doing since or for a long time.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

I have known her ___ 2015.

a) for

b) since

c) at

d) on

He has been learning Spanish ___ two years.

a) since

b) for

c) in

d) at

We have lived here ___ January.

a) for

b) since

c) on

d) at

She has been reading books ___ three hours every afternoon.

a) since

b) for

c) at

d) on

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with since or for:

I have been working here ___ 2018.

They have been friends ___ ten years.

She has lived in Paris ___ March.

We have been waiting ___ half an hour.

He has studied French ___ he was a teenager.

The dog has slept ___ two hours.

I have known this city ___ my childhood.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b

Exercise 2:

1-since

2-for

3-since

4-for

5-since

6-for

7-since

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

Mia has studied piano since she was six years old.

She has played tennis for three years.

She moved to the new city since March last year.

Using since and for helps Mia track the duration of her activities and see her progress.

Пример личного ответа: «I have been learning English for five years, and I have known my best friend since primary school.»

By, Until, Till — Deadlines and Time Limits

Word Power

By

Значение: не позднее указанного времени, к определённому моменту.

Примеры:

Please submit your report by Friday. — Пожалуйста, сдайте отчёт к пятнице.

I need to finish this project by 6 p.m. — Мне нужно закончить проект к 18:00.

Until / Till

Значение: до определённого момента времени; till – более разговорный вариант.

Примеры:

We waited until the rain stopped. — Мы ждали до тех пор, пока дождь не закончился.

She stayed at the office till 8 p.m. — Она оставалась в офисе до 20:00.

Reading Text

James has a busy schedule this week. He has several tasks with strict deadlines. His first assignment must be completed by Wednesday. He plans his time carefully to make sure he finishes by the due date.

During the morning, he studies and works on smaller tasks until lunchtime. He focuses without interruption, knowing that he must continue until the work is done. After lunch, he checks emails and prepares for meetings, making sure everything is on track by the end of the day.

On Wednesday evening, he realizes that completing work by the deadline gives him a sense of satisfaction. Sometimes, he stays at the office till late, but it is worth it to meet the deadlines. He also notes that he should not wait until the last minute to start tasks, because it can be stressful. Planning ahead and following deadlines by, staying focused until, and sometimes working till the evening, helps James manage his time efficiently and reduces pressure.

By the end of the week, James feels proud of completing all assignments by their deadlines. He knows that understanding and using by, until, and till correctly makes scheduling tasks clear and reliable.

Check Your Understanding

By when must James complete his first assignment?

How long does James work in the morning?

Give an example of when he stays till late.

How do by, until, and till help James manage his schedule?

Describe a situation in your life when you had to finish something by a deadline or wait until/till a certain time.

Build Your Vocabulary

Exercise 1 – Multiple Choice

Please send the email ___ 5 p.m.

a) until

b) by

c) till

d) at

We stayed in the café ___ it started raining.

a) by

b) until

c) on

d) in

She worked ___ midnight to finish the project.

a) by

b) until

c) on

d) for

Complete the homework ___ Friday.

a) till

b) by

c) until

d) in

Exercise 2 – Fill in the Gaps

Fill in the blanks with by, until, or till:

We need to finish the report ___ Monday.

He read the book ___ late at night.

The train does not leave ___ 9 a.m.

She waited ___ her friend arrived.

Complete the task ___ the deadline.

I stayed at the library ___ it closed.

Submit your application ___ the end of the month.

Answer Key

Exercise 1: 1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b

Exercise 2:

1-by

2-till

3-until

4-until

5-by

6-till

7-by

Check Your Understanding – Example Answers:

James must complete his first assignment by Wednesday.

He works in the morning until lunchtime.

Sometimes he stays at the office till late to finish tasks.